Prenatal Development Chapter 5 Page 141- Text

The Developing Baby Conception Conception  Uterus- the organ in the woman’s body where a baby develops during pregnancy  Sperm- male cell, can live hrs.  Egg/Ovum- female cell, lives hrs.  Conception- when the sperm & ovum unite  Then travels up the fallopian tubes to uterus  This journey takes 2-3 days  video video

Period of the Zygote See charts on page See charts on page Zygote- fertilized egg Zygote- fertilized egg  This period lasts 2 weeks  Cells divide  Travels down fallopian tubes & attaches to lining of uterus where it gets nourishment  Size of a pinhead after 2 weeks  The 1 st month is most important for brain development  video video

Period of the Embryo Embryo- baby from the 3 rd – 8 th weeks of pregnancy Embryo- baby from the 3 rd – 8 th weeks of pregnancy  All the major body systems form  Sac filled with amniotic fluids forms around the baby- provides protection  Placenta- tissue around the baby which provides nourishment & oxygen  Umbilical Cord- connects placenta and baby; carries nourishment  video video

Period of the Fetus Fetus- unborn baby between the 9 th and 40 th week of gestation Fetus- unborn baby between the 9 th and 40 th week of gestation Quickening-kicking and movement felt at 4 th -5 th month Quickening-kicking and movement felt at 4 th -5 th month 7 th month- baby can live outside the womb 7 th month- baby can live outside the womb  All major organs are functioning Can suck its thumb, cough, sneeze, kick, hear & cry Can suck its thumb, cough, sneeze, kick, hear & cry  video video

Preparing for Birth 9 th Month- 9 th Month-  Baby’s weight shifts more downward & mother can breath easier  Lightening- when baby flips into head down up side down position, w/in couple weeks before birth  Uterus has expanded to about 60x its original size

Section Review 5-1 Page 149 #1-6#1,2

Looking at Conception Genetic Package Genetic Package  Chromosomes- tiny threadlike particles in the nucleus of every cell  Get 23 from each parent; total of 46  Genes- tiny units w/in chromosomes that determine characteristics (necklace)  Dominant- stronger gene (ex- brown eyes)  Recessive- weaker gene, doesn’t show itself in the child (example- blue eyes)

Boy or Girl? How is it determined that a baby is a boy or girl? All sperm are either marked X- girl or a Y for a boy All sperm are either marked X- girl or a Y for a boy Female eggs are all marked X Female eggs are all marked X Male determines the baby’s gender Male determines the baby’s gender X + X= girl X + X= girl X + Y= boy X + Y= boy

Multiple Births Identical Twins- one egg is fertilized and it splits Identical Twins- one egg is fertilized and it splits  Have identical genetic makeup  Always male/male or female/female  2.5% of all births Fraternal Twins- woman release 2 eggs and both are fertilized Fraternal Twins- woman release 2 eggs and both are fertilized  Basically are siblings born on the same day  3x more likely (especially in Belle Fourche) Septuplets

Infertility 30% of all couples have some infertility problems 30% of all couples have some infertility problems Potential problems Potential problems  Woman isn’t releasing an egg- hormones, disease, scar tissue  low sperm count- temperature, injury, disease Medications, hormones are used Medications, hormones are used Genetic Counselors- help determine infertility problems and find solutions Genetic Counselors- help determine infertility problems and find solutions

Infertility Options Adoption- wonderful option; solves 2 problems Adoption- wonderful option; solves 2 problems Artificial Insemination- sperm is injected into the uterus Artificial Insemination- sperm is injected into the uterus In vitro fertilization- egg & sperm are fertilized outside the body then placed into the woman In vitro fertilization- egg & sperm are fertilized outside the body then placed into the woman Ovum transfer- uses donor egg Ovum transfer- uses donor egg Surrogate Mother- In vitro fertilization but the zygote is implanted into a different woman Surrogate Mother- In vitro fertilization but the zygote is implanted into a different woman

Section 5-2 Review Page 154 #1-7 and #1-2

Pregnancy Problems Miscarriage- loss of baby before 20 weeks Miscarriage- loss of baby before 20 weeks Stillbirth- after 20 weeks Stillbirth- after 20 weeks 20% of pregnancies end in miscarriage 20% of pregnancies end in miscarriage Many pregnancies fail even before the woman knows there was a pregnancy Many pregnancies fail even before the woman knows there was a pregnancy

Birth Defects Birth Defect- serious problems present at birth that threaten a baby’s ability to live or quality of life Birth Defect- serious problems present at birth that threaten a baby’s ability to live or quality of life Not all are recognizable at birth Not all are recognizable at birth Diagnosed at various times before & after birth Diagnosed at various times before & after birth Scientists don’t understand 60% of birth defects Scientists don’t understand 60% of birth defects

Causes of Birth Defects Environmental Environmental  Mother’s nutrition  Diseases/ infection  Substances- drugs, alcohol, tobacco  Medicines  Radiation- x-rays  Hot tubs  Cat litter boxes  Many others Hereditary  Chromosomal errors  Parent passes on a dominant gene for the defect  Both parents pass on a recessive gene  Sometimes on affects one gender but the other gender can carry the gene

Specific Birth Defects Women over 35 have a greater chance of having a baby with Down Syndrome Women over 35 have a greater chance of having a baby with Down Syndrome Sickle Cell Anemia is most common in African American families Sickle Cell Anemia is most common in African American families The mineral folic acid helps decrease birth defects especially spina bifida & cleft palate The mineral folic acid helps decrease birth defects especially spina bifida & cleft palate Tay-Sachs is most common in Jewish families Tay-Sachs is most common in Jewish families Boys have greater chance of being color blind and having hemophilia Boys have greater chance of being color blind and having hemophilia All babies are given eye drops to protect against gonorrhea All babies are given eye drops to protect against gonorrhea

Prenatal Tests Blood tests Blood tests Ultrasound- use of sound waves to make a video image of the unborn baby Ultrasound- use of sound waves to make a video image of the unborn baby  structural problems, general growth Amniocentesis- amniotic fluid is withdrawn w/ a long needle Amniocentesis- amniotic fluid is withdrawn w/ a long needle  Only done for specific reason; higher chance of miscarriage Chorionic Villi Sampling- small amount of the tissue surrounding the baby is removed Chorionic Villi Sampling- small amount of the tissue surrounding the baby is removed  Greater chance of miscarriage than amniocentesis test

Dangers to Baby! Alcohol- no amount is safe Alcohol- no amount is safe  FAS- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome  1 in 5 die soon after birth  Alcohol goes directly through the placenta making baby drunk  Slow growth, coordination, heart defects, learning difficulties, hyperactivity& behavior problems  100% preventable!!!

Drugs Drugs taken during pregnancy among major causes of environmental birth defects Drugs taken during pregnancy among major causes of environmental birth defects Medicines- prescription & over the counter Medicines- prescription & over the counter Caffeine- pop, coffee, foods Caffeine- pop, coffee, foods Nicotene- causes low birth weights & many health problems Nicotene- causes low birth weights & many health problems Illegal drugs- baby becomes addicted/ exposed too Illegal drugs- baby becomes addicted/ exposed too Drugs are much stronger on the baby because of the lower birth weight Drugs are much stronger on the baby because of the lower birth weight Addicted babies go through withdrawal just like adults- only worse Addicted babies go through withdrawal just like adults- only worse

Other Hazards X-rays- the radiation is known to cause birth defects X-rays- the radiation is known to cause birth defects  No x-rays while pregnant- including the dentist Rubella- form of measles Rubella- form of measles  All females must keep up to date with MMR shot- very important STD’s- many can be transferred to baby STD’s- many can be transferred to baby  Mother must tell doctor to help prevent the baby from getting the STD

AIDS and Babies May be passed to baby in the womb, during birth or from breast feeding May be passed to baby in the womb, during birth or from breast feeding A treatment is available for the baby that reduces the baby’s chances of getting AIDS A treatment is available for the baby that reduces the baby’s chances of getting AIDS  Research is ongoing with this- currently between 30-50% effective Africa- 15 million orphans due to AIDS Africa- 15 million orphans due to AIDS