Chapter 11 Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista is subdivided into three subkingdoms The animal-like protists The plant-like protists The fungus-like protists

SUBKINGDOM PROTOZOA The Animal-like Protists

Subkingdom Protozoa Known as the protozoans, meaning “first animals” Also known as zooplankton, tiny floating animals in bodies of water –From the Greek word “planktos” meaning wanderer Divided into phyla based on their method of locomotion

Protozoan locomotion Phylum Sarcodina – pseudopod Phylum Ciliophora – cilia Phylum Zoomastigina – flagella Phylum Sporozoa - none

Phylum Sarcodina Sarcode - word used to describe the jellylike contents of protozoans - first proposed by Dujardin, an European naturalist is the 1800’s - comes from the Greek meaning “soft”

Phylum Sarcodina Movement by pseudopod, a false foot Common example: the amoeba Method of eating: phagocytosis Only has asexual reproduction by mitosis

Anatomy of an Amoeba Also note the ectoplasm and the endoplasm

Other Sarcodines These are known as radiolarians – sticky, needlelike pseudopodia and a glassy shell composed of silica Top: Arcella Bottom: Actinophrys sol

Other Sarcodines Top: Difflugia, another radiolarian Bottom: a foraminiferan (foramen means hole) branched pseudopodia and a shell composed of calcium carbonate

Other Sarcodines Foraminiferans come in a variety of shapes and colors!

Parasitic amoebas Amoebic meningitis can be caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free living amoeba found in warm fresh water

Other parasitic amoebas Amoebic dysentery can be caused by Entameba histolytica. This picture shows cysts in a colon biopsy.

Phylum Ciliata Movement by cilia Common example: the paramecium Sexual reproduction occurs by conjugation Note the macronucleus and the micronucleus

Anatomy of a Paramecium

Other Ciliates Top: Stentor - a sessile ciliate Bottom: This Stentor has been flattened by absorbing excessively watery surrounding medium in order to observe the necklace shaped macronucleus

Other Ciliates Top: Vorticella – the stalk is retractable Bottom: Tetrahymena

Phylum Zoomastigina Movement by flagella Common examples: Top: Chilomonas – chief food source for larger protozoans Bottom: Peranema – active predator and scavenger

Parasitic Flagellates Giardia lamblia This is the protozoan responsible for Giardiasis. Note: a) 4 pairs of flagella b) 2 large nuclei

Other parasitic flagellates Top: Trypanosoma brucei, cause of African sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) Bottom: tsetse fly, the normal host of Trypanosoma

Phylum Sporozoa No structure for locomotion Top: Plasmodium, the cause of malaria, rupturing RBC’s Bottom: female Anopheles mosquito, normal host for Plasmodium

Life cycle for Plasmodium