Question 1 Outline two features of caregiver interaction – give some examples Reciprocity - Attachments develop by a reciprocal process which is two-way where an emotional connection develops between an infant and his/her primary caregiver Examples of reciprocity: The caregiver reacts and responds to the signals given out by the baby, providing comfort warmth and empathy. Smiling back at the baby when he/she smiles; picking them up and giving a cuddle when they cry 2. Interactional synchrony is a theory of social communication where behaviours of one or more individuals become synchronized.

Question 2 One type of observation is known as naturalistic observation in which psychologists try to remain as inconspicuous as possible… what is a strength to this? One type of observation is known as naturalistic observation in which psychologists try to remain as inconspicuous as possible… what is a strength to this? high ecological validity…why??!! high ecological validity…why??!!

Question 3 What are the 4 types of naturalistic observation? What are the 4 types of naturalistic observation? 1.Structured observation 2.Unstructured observation 3.Covert observation 4.Overt observation

Question 4 Outline the 2 different types of sampling Outline the 2 different types of sampling Time Sampling - behaviour for one or more short periods of time. O bservations at set lengths of time at set intervals (eg three hourly observations between , and ), or every 5 minutes for a certain period (eg 1 hour). Time Sampling - behaviour for one or more short periods of time. O bservations at set lengths of time at set intervals (eg three hourly observations between , and ), or every 5 minutes for a certain period (eg 1 hour). Event sampling Involves observing a particular behaviour and recording that behaviour every time it occurs Event sampling Involves observing a particular behaviour and recording that behaviour every time it occurs

Question 5 State at least 3 disadvantages of using an observation State at least 3 disadvantages of using an observation 1.Observers may be biased and record their own interpretations of what they are observing. If observers use predetermined schedules of observations they may feel that they should fit all behaviour into one or another category, even though there may not be a suitable category for it on the schedule 2.If people are aware they are being watched, they may not behave as they normally would 3.It is difficult to control extraneous variables

Question 6 State at least 3 advantages of using an observation State at least 3 advantages of using an observation 1.Some observers feel that behaviour will only occur in its true form in free, natural situations. The observation method therefore has high ecological validity. 2.It is possible to collect information about situations where it is either unethical or impractical to perform experiments; for example, it is impractical to carry out an experiment on the effects on children of transferring from a primary to a secondary school, but it is well worth observing these effects 3.Easy to conduct

Stages of attachment Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Success criteria By the end of this lesson you should be able to: Describe the four stages of attachment Describe the four stages of attachment Evaluate the stages of attachment Evaluate the stages of attachment Apply your knowledge to an exam question Apply your knowledge to an exam question

Background Schaffer and Emerson observed babies for 18 months. Schaffer and Emerson observed babies for 18 months. They looked at the interactions between the baby and its carer’s They looked at the interactions between the baby and its carer’s What sort of interactions were the researchers looking for?

The four stages of attachment… months old: This phase is known as “Asocial stage” Similar response to ojects and people The baby is not predisposed to a particular caregiver. Babies respond equally to all caregivers

Preference for certain people/the beginnings of attachment Infants learn to distinguish primary and secondary caregivers but accept care from anyone. Infants learn to distinguish primary and secondary caregivers but accept care from anyone. They do NOT yet display stranger anxiety. This stage is characterised by general sociability (enjoyment of being with people) They do NOT yet display stranger anxiety. This stage is characterised by general sociability (enjoyment of being with people) months old: “Indiscriminate attachments”

3. 7 months +: “ Specific/discriminate attachment” The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort and protection. The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort and protection. The baby will show and distress when separated from a special person (separation anxiety) The baby will show fear of strangers (stranger anxiety) and distress when separated from a special person (separation anxiety) This is a good thing as it illustrates that an attachment has been formed. This is a good thing as it illustrates that an attachment has been formed.

4. After 9 months: “Multiple attachments” The baby becomes increasingly independent and forms several attachments

Unreliable data? The data collected by the researchers was based on mothers’ reports of their infants The data collected by the researchers was based on mothers’ reports of their infants What is the problem with this and how could it have affected the results? What is the problem with this and how could it have affected the results?

Out of date research? This study was conducted in the 1960’s This study was conducted in the 1960’s What has changed since this time that could result in this study not being applicable anymore? What has changed since this time that could result in this study not being applicable anymore? If the study was repeated today would we get the same results? If the study was repeated today would we get the same results?

Problems with a stage model This theory offers four stages to describe the development children go through in their attachments. This theory offers four stages to describe the development children go through in their attachments. But what if, in some cultures, multiple attachments occur before single attachments? Does this make this culture abnormal? Are they bad parents? But what if, in some cultures, multiple attachments occur before single attachments? Does this make this culture abnormal? Are they bad parents? The problem is families are judged based on these inflexible stages. If their child's attachment do not follow the stages it could reflect badly on them. The problem is families are judged based on these inflexible stages. If their child's attachment do not follow the stages it could reflect badly on them.

Task Complete the questions on pg. 9 and 10 of your pack. You can use your text book to help Complete the questions on pg. 9 and 10 of your pack. You can use your text book to help Exam Question: Describe and evaluate the stages of attachment identified by Schaffer and Emerson (12 marks)

Success criteria By the end of this lesson you should be able to: Describe the four stages of attachment Describe the four stages of attachment Evaluate the stages of attachment Evaluate the stages of attachment Apply your knowledge to an exam question Apply your knowledge to an exam question

Exam Question Homework: ensure that you have read pgs in OBB Complete the 6 mark question on pg 12 of your pack re role of father – Due lesson 3 of this week