1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences October 9 Lecture 14

A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 2

3 1. What are the consequences of gender stereotypes? (continued) Gender Stereotypes

4 1. distinguish between distinct forms of sexism. 2. identify measures of distinct forms of sexism. 3. identify sex differences in and correlates of hostile sexism and benevolent sexism toward men. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:

5 5. generate examples to illustrate sex discrimination. 4. define the term sex discrimination.

6 HM and BM are assessed by the Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory (AMI; Glick and Fiske, 1999). Two forms of sexism toward men have been identified: Hostile sexism toward men (HM) and benevolent sexism toward men (BM). What are the consequences of gender stereotypes? (continued) 1. Sexism (continued)

7 Your Questionnaire: AMI (Glick and Fiske, 1999) Score 1: Hostile sexism toward men score (HM). Score 2: Benevolent sexism toward men score (BM).

8 AMI: Descriptive Statistics (Glick and Fiske, 1999) Scale ScoreRangeMean for FemalesMean for Males HM (SD=.91)1.84 (SD=.89) BM (SD=.91)1.93 (SD=.95) Cronbach’s alphas, HM, BM:.86,.83. Correlations between HM and BM:.65 (males),.39 (females). Correlations between ASI and AMI:.69 (males),.76 (females).

9 Glick et al. (2004) administered the AMI to participants in 16 countries (e.g., Argentina, Australia, England, Italy, Mexico, Singapore, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey): (a) HM and BM were positively correlated with one another. (b) Females obtained higher scores on HM than males.

10 (e) National scores on HM and BM were negatively correlated with national scores on gender equality. (c) Males obtained higher scores on BM than females. (d) HS and BS scores among males were positively correlated with HM and BM scores among females.

11 Correlations Between AMI Averages and National Indices of Gender Equality (Glick et al., 2004) AMI SubscaleGDIGEM Men’s Averages HM-.51*-.45 † BM-.62 ** -.63** Women’s Averages HM-.65**-.66** BM-.53*-.56* GDI=Gender Development Index (longevity, literacy, purchasing power) GEM=Gender Empowerment Measure (professional positions, purchasing power, parliament seats) *p<.05, ** p<.01

12 Brandt (2011) found that sexism at time 1 predicted GEM scores at time 2 in 57 countries.

13 Refers to the differential treatment of individuals based on their sex. 2. Sex Discrimination

14 Examples:  Sex discrimination against females: Hopkins vs. Price Waterhouse.  Sex discrimination against males: David Woods et al. vs. the State of California.  Sex discrimination against trans-identified individuals: Schroer v. Billington.

15 Sex discrimination can reinforce stereotypes by creating “self-fulfilling prophecies” (i.e., stereotype-consistent attributes among the targets of discrimination). Example: The differential treatment of boys and girls with respect to reading aptitude and interest.

16 1. distinguish between distinct forms of sexism. 2. identify measures of distinct forms of sexism. 3. identify sex differences in and correlates of hostile sexism and benevolent sexism toward men. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:

17 5. generate examples to illustrate sex discrimination. 4. define the term sex discrimination.