ROME Chapter 7 Sections 1-3

Would you rather…  Strong army and government help ensure order and peace  A culture that depends upon another’s contributions will not be innovative and unique  By enslaving conquered peoples, a nation ensures control over those who might threaten its rule  Strong army and government help ensure order and peace  A culture that depends upon another’s contributions will not be innovative and unique  By enslaving conquered peoples, a nation ensures control over those who might threaten its rule  Cooperation among different groups and a sense of unity are most important  The contributions of earlier cultures provide foundations for a later culture’s progress  An empire that enslaves people creates hatred and resistance toward its rule  Cooperation among different groups and a sense of unity are most important  The contributions of earlier cultures provide foundations for a later culture’s progress  An empire that enslaves people creates hatred and resistance toward its rule

Geography  Mountains  Alps and Apennines  Rivers  Po and Tiber  Seas  Ligurian  Tyrrhenian  Mediterranean  Ionian  Adriatic  Mountains  Alps and Apennines  Rivers  Po and Tiber  Seas  Ligurian  Tyrrhenian  Mediterranean  Ionian  Adriatic

Republic vs. Empire  Republic  A form of government in which the citizens of a country have an active role in the affairs of the government  Empire  Geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled either by a monarch (emperor) or oligarchy  Republic  A form of government in which the citizens of a country have an active role in the affairs of the government  Empire  Geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled either by a monarch (emperor) or oligarchy

Early Rome  Rome begins as a REPUBLIC  Roman Forum = center of public life  Marketplace  Triumphal processions  Elections  Public speeches  12 Tables  Rome’s written constitution  Rome begins as a REPUBLIC  Roman Forum = center of public life  Marketplace  Triumphal processions  Elections  Public speeches  12 Tables  Rome’s written constitution

<-- Then Now -->

Roman Expansion Causes Problems  Trade rivalry and economic competition  Competition for land  Mutual suspicion and uneasy relations  Trade rivalry and economic competition  Competition for land  Mutual suspicion and uneasy relations

Rome vs. Carthage  Carthage = large empire covering northern Africa  Share Sicily with both the Romans and Syracuse (independent city- state)  Conflicts over territory on Sicily lead to the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage  Carthage = large empire covering northern Africa  Share Sicily with both the Romans and Syracuse (independent city- state)  Conflicts over territory on Sicily lead to the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage

First Punic War B.C.  Carthage’s advantage = navy  Rome replicates a Carthaginian ship  Use of boarding bridges to fight between ships  Rome wins  Carthage must pay for damages and give up Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia  Carthage’s advantage = navy  Rome replicates a Carthaginian ship  Use of boarding bridges to fight between ships  Rome wins  Carthage must pay for damages and give up Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia

Second Punic War  Carthage wants revenge  Hannibal = general from Carthage  Goes on invasion route through Rome  Roman General Scipio cuts off his supply lines  Battle of Zama B.C.  Scipio defeats Hannibal  Rome controls the Mediterranean sea  Carthage wants revenge  Hannibal = general from Carthage  Goes on invasion route through Rome  Roman General Scipio cuts off his supply lines  Battle of Zama B.C.  Scipio defeats Hannibal  Rome controls the Mediterranean sea

Third Punic War  Rome wants to permanently destroy Carthage  Macedonia allies itself with Carthage  Rome defeats both Carthage and Macedonia  ALL of the land surrounding the Mediterranean is now under Roman control  Rome wants to permanently destroy Carthage  Macedonia allies itself with Carthage  Rome defeats both Carthage and Macedonia  ALL of the land surrounding the Mediterranean is now under Roman control

Aftermath  Farmers return home to destroyed land  People move to cities for jobs --> no jobs  People become dependent on government  Farmers return home to destroyed land  People move to cities for jobs --> no jobs  People become dependent on government

Increased Trade  Leads to new class of business people called equities  Have wealth and political influence  Increasingly large gap between the rich and poor  Leads to new class of business people called equities  Have wealth and political influence  Increasingly large gap between the rich and poor

The Republic grows weaker  The Gracchi  Tiberius  Elected Tribune in 133 B.C.  Supported land reforms  Clubbed to death by mob of senators  Gaius  Elected Tribune in 123 B.C.  Used public funds to buy grain and resell it to the poor for cheaper  Killed in a riot  Turning point in Rome = VIOLENCE!  The Gracchi  Tiberius  Elected Tribune in 133 B.C.  Supported land reforms  Clubbed to death by mob of senators  Gaius  Elected Tribune in 123 B.C.  Used public funds to buy grain and resell it to the poor for cheaper  Killed in a riot  Turning point in Rome = VIOLENCE!

Social War  Rome’s allies rebel in 91 B.C.  Wanted to be Roman citizens  Long, bloody war  Rome wins, but still grants citizenship  Roman state grows to include the whole peninsula  Rome’s allies rebel in 91 B.C.  Wanted to be Roman citizens  Long, bloody war  Rome wins, but still grants citizenship  Roman state grows to include the whole peninsula

Civil Unrest Continues  Gaius Marius - Roman General  Elected Consul in 107 B.C.  Created volunteer army that was heavily rewarded  Troops favored Generals over the State  Lucius Cornelius Sulla  Marched on Rome and became dictator from B.C.  Enlarged Senate by 300 members and gave it complete control over government  Gaius Marius - Roman General  Elected Consul in 107 B.C.  Created volunteer army that was heavily rewarded  Troops favored Generals over the State  Lucius Cornelius Sulla  Marched on Rome and became dictator from B.C.  Enlarged Senate by 300 members and gave it complete control over government

The First Triumverate  Caesar, Pompey, Crassus  Caesar elected Consul - 59 B.C.  Caesar then goes into armed conflict with Pompey  Caesar defeats Pompey in Egypt  Caesar declared dictator for life  Caesar, Pompey, Crassus  Caesar elected Consul - 59 B.C.  Caesar then goes into armed conflict with Pompey  Caesar defeats Pompey in Egypt  Caesar declared dictator for life

Caesar’s Rule  Increased senate to 900 members but decreased its power  A group of Senators conspired against him (including Brutus)  Killed in the Senate on March 15  Increased senate to 900 members but decreased its power  A group of Senators conspired against him (including Brutus)  Killed in the Senate on March 15

Second Triumverate  Octavian (Caesar’s nephew), Marc Antony, and Lepidus  Antony and Octavian forced Lepidus out and divided the Roman world  Octavian begins conquering Antony’s land -- > Antony kills himself  Octavian becomes the lone ruler of Rome  Name changed to Augustus  Octavian (Caesar’s nephew), Marc Antony, and Lepidus  Antony and Octavian forced Lepidus out and divided the Roman world  Octavian begins conquering Antony’s land -- > Antony kills himself  Octavian becomes the lone ruler of Rome  Name changed to Augustus

Augustus Caesar  First Roman Emperor  Expanded boundaries of Rome  Reduced power of Senate, assemblies, and magistrates  Pax Romana (“Roman Peace”)  Starts with Augustus  27 B.C.-180 A.D.  First Roman Emperor  Expanded boundaries of Rome  Reduced power of Senate, assemblies, and magistrates  Pax Romana (“Roman Peace”)  Starts with Augustus  27 B.C.-180 A.D.