Dual Language Learning and Cognitive Benefits

How do we teach multilingualism? Begin early. Synaptic sensitivity to language at school entrance

Research on Bilingualism We’ve always known that being multilingual is helpful for meeting new people, traveling, and learning about other cultures. But recent research shows that learning new languages actually makes people smarter. Specifically, it improves memory problem solving critical thinking attention PSAT and SAT verbal scores and AP enrollment.

How does learning multiple languages exercise the brain? Bilinguals must “code-switch” often (Carlson & Meltzoff, 2008). Bilinguals must inhibit the language that is not appropriate to the social context (Bialystok, 2001). When working across languages (translating or interpreting) bilinguals must use working memory, holding “chunks” of language in their mind. As a result, young bilinguals demonstrate about a year of developmental advantage in solving problems in the presence of distracting stimuli (Bialystok & Shapero, 2005).

Why does learning more than one language have this effect? Learning and using multiple languages exercises the prefrontal cortex of the brain. The prefrontal cortex is home to the structures that govern higher level thinking, called “executive functions.” The executive functions are Inhibition Cognitive adaptability & Working memory.

How is executive functioning (EF) related to academic success? Higher math, science, and reading outcomes (St Clair-Thompson, & Gathercole, 2006; Bull & Scerif, 2001). “Prospective Memory” (Wilson, 1998). Emotional self-regulation (Koenigs & Tranel, 2007; Miller & Cohen, 2001). Perspective taking (Qureshi, Apperly, & Samson, 2010). Creativity (Ricciardelli, 1992). EF promotes achievement and attainment in education by enabling attentional focus, prospective memory, planning, organization, and adaptability in novel situations.