Chapter 1 Science Skills

Natural Science Physical Science _______________________ ______________ Geology, Astronomy Meteorology & Oceanography __________ Botany, Zoology & Ecology Branches of Science

The Big Ideas of Physical Science 1. Space and Time- The universe is very old and big. It is about _________ years old and we can observe 700 million billion billion meters in diameter. – The four dimensions (________________________). 2. Matter and Change - Matter is anything with _______________. It can be a ________________. The building blocks are called _______. – Matter has mass and volume and can change forms.

The Big Ideas of Physical Science 3. Forces and Motion- _______________. If you push an object it will _________. The motion of cars on a city street is captured in this time-exposure photograph. Forces govern changes in the motion of each car.

The Big Ideas of Physical Science 4. Energy- Energy exists in many forms. Moving objects have a kind of energy called ___________. An object that is not moving has stored energy, or ___________. – Energy can be ______________________________. Panels on a solar car convert energy from the sun into the mechanical energy of its moving parts

Scientific Method Scientific Method _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ STEPS 1. __________________ 2. __________________ 3. __________________ 4. Experiment (include variables)(include variables) 5. Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions - State if hypothesis is supported or not supported 6. ___________________

Scientific Method Detailed – 1&2. Making observations - Information that you obtain from ______________________________ ________________________________________ – 3. Develop a hypothesis - _______________ A proposed answer to a question. It’s used to answer questions raised by one of your observations. In order for a hypothesis to be useful, _______________________.

Scientific Method – 4. Experiment or Testing a Hypothesis – Scientists perform experiments to test a hypothesis. In an experiment, _________ ____________________________________________________. – Variable- variable that causes change in another variable __________________________________- variable that causes a change in another variable. __________________________________- variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable. __________________________- An experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time. The responding variable is observed for changes, all other variables are kept constant, or controlled. – 5. Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions – See if your data from you experiment supports your hypothesis. If it does not, you must ______________________, or propose a new one. Then you must design a new experiment.

Scientific Method 6. Developing a Theory- Once a hypothesis has been supported in repeated experiments, scientists can begin to develop a theory. – __________________- A well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results. Theories are never proved. Instead, they become stronger if the facts continue to support them. Sometimes theories need to be revised. – After repeated observations or experiments, scientists may ____________________________. – _________________- A statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature. Example: gravity. A scientific law describes an observed pattern in nature without attempting to explain it. The explanation is provided by a scientific theory.

Scientific Models Model- _______________________________ _____________________________________. – Scientific models make it easier to understand things that might be too difficult to observe ____________. – It can be of a large object such as a car or solar system. – It can be of a small object such as a cell or atom.

Section 1.3 Scientific Notation – ______ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________. – Example: 300,000,000 = 3.0 x 10 8 The exponent 8 tells you the decimal point is really eight places to the right of 3. – Example: = 8.6 x The exponent -4 tells you the decimal point is really four places to the left of 8 Scientists estimate that there are more than 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy.

Math Practice Perform the following calculations. Express your answers in scientific notation. – (7.6 × 10 −4 m) × (1.5 × 10 7 m) – ÷ 29 2.Calculate how far light travels in 8.64 × 10 4 seconds. (Hint: The speed of light is about 3.0 × 10 8 m/s.)1.Perform the following calculations. Express your answers in scientific notation. – (7.6 × 10 −4 m) × (1.5 × 10 7 m) – ÷ 29

SI Units of Measure All measurements need a ________________. – Example: 5 ft 3 in or 25ºF Scientists usually do not use these units. They use a unit of measure called _________ _____________________________________. – Base Units – more examples on following slide ________- straight line distance between 2 points is the meter (m) Mass- ________________________________________ _____________________________________________

The International System of Units

SI Units of Measure Derived Units These are units that are made from ________ _____________________________________. – _________- amount of space taken up by an object. l x w x h (m 3 ) – Density- ________________________________. D = m/v (kg/m 3 )

SI Unit of Measure

Metric Prefixes seconds = 9 milliseconds (ms) 12 km = meters Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes Megapixel = 1,000,000 pixels Some common prefixes: – Kilo – Hecta- 100 – Deka- 10 – (base unit) 1 – Deci- 0.1 – Centi – Milli Nutrition labels often have some measurements listed in grams and milligrams

Conversion Factors Conversion Factors- _____________________ _____________________________________ that is used to convert a quantity expressed in one unit to __________________. – Examples: 1 km or 1000 m – 1000 m 1 km – 1000 m = 100 Dm = 10 hm = 1 km

Primary conversion factor: 8848m ( 1km ) = km 1000m Secondary conversion factor: 12 km (1000m) (1000mm) = 1.2 x 10 7 mm or 12,000,000 mm 1km 1m Tertiary conversion factor: 5 km (1000m) ( 1hr ) = 1.39 m/sec 1 hr1 km 3600sec

Limits of Measurement Precision- A gauge of how _____________________ is – Significant figures- all the digits that are known in a measurement, plus the last digit is estimated minutes has 3 significant figures. 5 minutes has 1 significant figure. – The fewer the significant figures, the _________________ __________________________________________. – The precision of a calculated answer is limited by _______ _______________________________________________. – Example: Density = 34.73g = g/cm cm 3 – You must round to 3 significant figures: 7.86 g/cm 3

Accuracy- ____________________________ _____________________________________. – Example: A clock running fast will be precise to the nearest second, but it won’t be accurate, or close to the correct time. A more precise time can be read from the digital clock than can be read from the analog clock. The digital clock is precise to the nearest second, while the analog clock is precise to the nearest minute.

Measuring Temperature _______________- An instrument that measures temperature, or how hot an object is. – _____________ scale: water freezes at 32ºF and boils at 212 ºF – __________: water freezes at 0ºC and boils at 100 ºC ºC = 5 (ºF- 32) ºF = 9 ºC – The SI unit for temperature is the ____________ ______ is the lowest possible _______________ that can be reached. In ºC, it is ºC K = ºC + 273ºC = K – 273

Section 1.4 Organizing Data Scientists can organize their data by using data _____________________. – Data table- the _________ _________________. The table shows two variables - a manipulated variable and the responding variable.

– Line graph Line graphs are useful for showing changes that occur in related variables. It shows the _____________ variable on the ________ and the _____________ variable on the y-axis. Slope- (steepness) The ratio of a vertical change to the corresponding horizontal change. Slope = Rise Run Rise represents the ___________________________ Run represents the corresponding ________________ ____________________________________________.

Direct proportion- Relationship in which the ________________________ ________________________. _________ proportion- Relationship in which the product of the _____________ ________________________.

Bar graphs and _______ or circle graphs can also be used to display data.