Chapter 17 – The Age of Exploration, 1500-1800

Section 1 – European Exploration and Expansion

Reasons for European expansion: To avoid the Arab and Turkish territories along the eastern routes towards China Desire for the expansion of trade, particularly looking for spices Religious goals and conversions New sailing technologies Better maps Increasing knowledge of wind patterns

Prince Henry the Navigator Portuguese Explorers Vasco da Gama

Spanish Explorers Christopher Columbus And the sea will grant each man new hope, as sleep brings dreams of home. Ferdinand Magellan

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Additional explorers: John Cabot (Italian) – New England and eastern Canada Pedro Cabral (Portuguese) – South America Amerigo Vespucci (Italian) – South America

The Spanish Empire

Hernán Cortés invaded the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán (1519)

The Spanish, led by Francisco Pizarro, descended upon the Incas (1531)

Lesson 2 – The First Global Economic Systems

The Commercial Revolution was the product of two moments: Renaissance Exploration and colonization Keys to Mercantilism

The Triangular Trade The Middle Passage Impact of the Slave Trade: Depopulation of parts of Africa Decimation of younger population Increase internal war with new weapons Spread of African culture into Americas

Section 3 – Colonial Latin America

Peninsulares They were rulers of the colonies. They were born in Europe (born on the Iberian peninsula – hence the name). They were the wealthiest within the colonies. Creoles Descendants of Europeans but born in Latin America – resented peninsulares. Mixed races included mestizo (mix of European and Native American) and mulattos (mix of European and African). Native Americans

Encomienda System (Americas) Mita System (Peru) Bartolomé de Las Casas

Portugal and Spain’s attempt to create greater control over the Americas led to the viceroyalties.

Religious orders that dominated the “new world” included the Dominicans, the Jesuits and the Franciscans.

Juana Ines de la Cruz Aristocratic background Became a nun of the St. Jerome Order (Hieronymites) Famed poetry and prose writer of the Baroque style Ran schools and hospitals in Mexico Advocate for women’s rights and women’s education Most famous works include Respuesta a Sor Filotea, Hombres necios and Primero sueño.