Objectives: What problems weakened the empire in the 200s? How did Diocletian and Constantine attempt to reform the empire? What caused the invasion and ultimate fall of the empire in the 400s? Main Idea Events and conditions inside as well as outside the Roman Empire weakened it and led to its collapse in the west in the 400s. The Fall of Rome

The Roman army’s inability to stop the Huns was one symptom of the weakness that befell the empire after the end of the Pax Romana. After 180, empire confronted by internal and external challenges When last of Good Emperors died, Rome had no strong leader Civil wars broke out Rome under increasing threat of invasions on eastern, western frontiers Weak Leaders Emperors increased size of Rome’s army Demands on financial resources, military caused economic crisis Empire: military dictatorship Legions deposed emperors, elevated own leaders to throne Twenty emperors in 49 years; all but one died violently Military Dictatorship The Empire Weakens

Inflation Value of money declined as taxes rose Emperors minted new coins with copper, lead, and silver People refused to accept currency at face value Result was dramatic rise in prices, or inflation Economic Troubles Insecurity of civil wars, invasions affected Roman life Robbery, piracy increased; travel hazardous Merchants feared to ship goods Military needs required more revenue; emperors raised taxes

Attempts at Reform Economic Reforms Imperial economy and society came under state direction with Diocletian (284ce) Diocletian split the empire into two, the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. – Both ruled by a Caesar (assistants to help run the empire) Commercial, manufacturing activities geared toward needs of imperial defense – New tax system raised more money for government, army – Reforms drastic, successful Saved empire from immediate economic collapse

Constantine continued state control over society Made two profound decisions to affect direction of future empire: converted to Christianity; built new capital— Constantinople, “city of Constantine”—on site of village of Byzantium Eastern half of empire richer, better defended and more powerful; Constantine wanted capital there State Control Diocletian’s initiatives worked well while he remained emperor Diocletian, co-emperor retired, 305; two caesars rose to become co- emperors New emperors quarreled; empire plunged into civil war 312, order restored when Constantine declared emperor by his troops; put end to fighting Diocletian Retires Constantine

410 CE = Rome captured by Visogoth’s leader Alaric 450 CE = Rome captured by Vandals – Vandal = “one who causes senseless destruction” 476 CE = Last Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, overthrown by Odoacer Many historians consider this the end of the Western Roman Empire Fall of the West

Eastern Empire Despite western collapse, Eastern Empire endured for several centuries People of Eastern Empire always thought of selves as Romans Over time other influences, especially Greek, crept into culture As a result of these influences, historians refer to the later period of the Eastern Empire by a new name, the Byzantine Empire.

Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs, and a conclusion. Use evidence from at least four documents in the body of the essay. Support your response with relevant facts, examples, and details. Include relevant outside information. Task: Using information from the documents and your knowledge of social studies, write an essay in which you: Essay Question: Describe at least three similarities between the government of the ancient Roman Republic and United States of America and conclude whether the United States Government was an experiment engineered by our Founding Fathers or A proven product of the Classical minds? Guidelines: In your essay, be sure to: – Address all aspects of the Task by accurately analyzing and interpreting at least four documents – Incorporate information from the documents in the body of the essay – Incorporate relevant outside information – Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details – Use a logical and clear plan of organization – Introduce the theme and conclude with a summation of the theme