The Respiratory System Lesson objectives Teachers' notes 1) Lesson objective list the general functions of the respiratory system. 2) Lesson objective describe the locations of the organs of the respiratory system 3) Lesson objective describe the function of each organ of the respirator system.

Teachers' notes Lesson objectives Subject: Topic: Grade(s): Prior knowledge: Cross-curricular link(s): Anatomy and Physiology Respiratory system 11th grade My Body and Me 6th grade kit LA, History, Math Lesson notes: Standard 6: The natural world is defined by organisms and life processes which conform to principles regarding conservation and transformation of matter and energy. Living organisms use matter and energy to build their structures and conduct their life processes, have mechanisms and behaviors to regulate their internal environments and to respond to changes in their surroundings. Knowledge about life processes can be applied to improving human health and well being. GLE: 1. In order to establish and maintain their complex organization and structure, organisms must obtain, transform, and transport matter and energy, eliminate waste products, and coordinate their internal activities. 5. The transportation of materials across the membrane can be passive (does not require the expenditure of cellular energy), or active (requires the expenditure of cellular energy) depending upon membrane structure and concentration gradients. 8. In multi-cellular organisms, cells perform specialized functions as parts of sub-systems (e.g., tissues, organs, and organ systems), which work together to maintain optimum conditions for the benefit of the whole organism. Enduring Understanding: Living systems demonstrate the complementary nature of structure and function. Enduring Understanding: Organisms respond to internal and external cues, which allow them to survive. Essential Question: How does structure relate to function in living systems? Essential Question: How is matter transferred and energy transferred/transformed in living systems? Essential Question: How do responses to internal and external cues aid in an organism’s survival?

What do we know now about the respiratory system? What questions do you have about the respiratory system?

LUNGS ORAL CAVITY PHARYNX PARANASAL CAVITIES NASAL CAVITY NOSE UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LARYNX TRACHEA BRONCHI

Location of respiratory organs OrganLocation sinus nasal cavity hard palate nostril oral cavity larnyx soft palate pharnyx epiglottis esophagus trachea

THE NOSE Air enters through two openings, THE EXTERNAL NARES or NOSTRILS. Just inside each nostril is an expanded VESTIBULE containing coarse hairs. A midsagittal NASAL SEPTUM divides the NASAL CAVITY. The maxillary, nasal, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones form the lateral and superior walls of the nasal cavity. The HARD and SOFT PALATES form the floor of the cavity. ( the posterior part of the soft palate is the UVULA ) The external portion of the nose is composed of cartilage that forms the BRIDGE and the TIP of the nose. The SUPERIOR, MIDDLE and INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE are bony shelves that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. The spaces between the conchae are the MEATUSES. Posteriorly the INTERNAL NARES open into the nasopharynx.

THE PHARYNX Is a chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory systems. It extends between the internal nares and the entrances to the larynx and esophagus. A stratified squamous epithelium lines the pharynx. THE THROAT OR PHARYNX IS DIVIDED IN THREE REGIONS 1. Upper NASO-PHARYNX 2. Middle OROPHARYNX 3. Lower LARYNGOPHARYNX

T HE NASOPHARYNX LIES SUPERIOR TO THE SOFT PALATE SERVES A PASSAGEWAY FOR AIRFLOW FROM NASAL CAVITY IT CONTAINS THE PHARYNGEAL TONSILS ( adenoids ) IN POSTERIOR WALL, AND THE OPENNINGS OF THE EUSTAQUIAN TUBES ( auditory tubes ) THE OROPHARYNX EXTENDS FROM THE SOFT PALATE DOWNT TO THE EPIGLOTTIS ( base of the tongue ) IT CONTAINS THE PALATINE AND LINGUAL TONSILS. THE LARYNGOPHARYNX INCLUDES THE NARROW ZONE BETWEEN THE HYOID BONE AND THE ENTRANCE TO THE ESOPHAGUS.

THE LARYNX JOINS THE LARYNGOPHARYNX WITH THE TRACHEA. IT CONSISTS OF CARTILAGES IT IS ALSO CALLED THE VOICE BOX. THE THREE MAIN CARTILAGES ARE: THROID CARTILAGE ( Adams´s apple ), EPIGLOTTIS, AND CRICOID CARTILAGE. OTHER CARTILAGES ARE: ARYTENOID CARTILAGES, CORNICULATE CARTILAGES AND CUNEIFORM CARTILAGES. THE EPIGLOTTIS IS A PIECE OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE THAT FALLS OVER THE OPENING ( GLOTTIS ) DURING SWALLOWING TO PREVENT INGESTED FOOD FROM ENTERING THE RESPIRATORY TRACT. THE CORNICULATE CARTILAGES ARE INVOLVED IN THE OPENING AND CLOSING OF THE GLOTTIS, AND IN THE PRODUCTION OF SOUND TWO PAIRS OF FOLDS SPAN THE GLOTTAL OPENING. THE VENTRICULAR FOLDS ( FALSE VOCAL CORDS )ARE INELASTIC BUT THE TENSION IN THE VOCAL CORDS CAN BE ADJUSTED BY VOLUNTARY MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS. DURING EXPIRATION AIR FLOWING THROUGH THE LARYNX VIBRATES THE VOCAL CORDS ( TRUE VOCAL CORDS ) AND PRODUCES SOUND WAVES. COUGHING AND LARYNGEAL SPASMS ARE PROTECTIVE REFLEXES THAT PROTECT THE GLOTTIS AND TRACHEA FROM FOREIGN OBJECTS AND IRRITANTS.

THE TRACHEA EXTENDS FROM THE LEVEL OF THE SIXTH CERVICAL VERTEBRA, AT THE BASE OF THE LARYNX, TO THE LEVEL OF THE FIFTH THORACIC CERTEBRA IS A TUBULAR STRUCTURE WITH 4.25 in. IN LENGTH AND 1 in. IN DIAMETER. AT ITS CAUDAL LIMIT THE TRACHEA DIVIDES TO FORM THE PRIMARY BRONCHI. LIES ANTERIOR TO THE ESOPHAGUS ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE TRACHEA ARE C-SHAPED PIECES OF HYALINE CRTILAGE (TRACHEAL CARTILAGES) THE TRACHEAL MUSCLE HOLDS THE TWO SIDES OF THE C-SHAPED CARTILAGE TOGETHER POSTERIORLY TRACHEA IS LINED WITH PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM THE TRACHEA BRANCHES WITHIN THE MEDIASTINUM, FORMING THE LEFT AND RIGHT PRIMARY BRONCHI

LEFT AND RIGHT PRIMARY BRONCHI ( extrapulmonary bronchi ) EACH BRONCHUS ENTERS A LUNG AT A GROOVE, THE HILUS. EACH BRONCHUS BRANCHES INTO INCREASINGLY SMALLER PASSAGEWAYS TO CONDUCT AIR INTO THE LUNGS THE PRIMARY BRONCHI BRANCH INTO AS MANY SECONDARY BRONCHI ( intrapulmonary bronchi ) AS THERE ARE LOBES OF EACH LUNG THE SMALLEST PASSAGEWAYS ARE THE BRONCHIOLES

This photo (courtesy of the Anatomical Institute, Bern) shows a rubber cast of human lungs.

THE LUNGS ARE A PAIR OF CONE SHAPED ORGANS LYNING IN THE PLEURAL CAVITIES. THE APEX IS THE CONICAL TOP OF EACH LUNG, AND THE BROAD INFERIOR PORTION IS THE BASE. EACH LUNG HAS A HILUS, A MEDIAL SLIT WHERE THE BRONCHIAL TUBES, VASCULARIZATION, LYMPHATICS, AND NERVES REACH THE LUNG. EACH LUNG IS DIVIDED INTO LOBES BY DEEP FISURES RIGHT LUNG HAS THREE LOBES AND LEFT LUNG HAS TWO LOBES LEFT LUNG IS DIVIDE BY AN OBLIQUE FISSURE INTO SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR LOBES RIGHT LUNG IS DIVIDED IN THREE LOBES ( SUPERIOR, MIDDLE and INFERIOR ) Superior and Middle lobes are separated by a HORIZONTAL FISSURE, And The OBLIQUE FISSURE separates Inferior and Middle lobs

THE PLEURAL CAVITIES The thoracic cavity is bounded by the ribcage and the muscular diaphragm. The mediastinum divides the region into TWO PLEURAL CAVITIES. The pleural cavity is lined with a serous membrane, THE PLEURA. PARIETAL PLEURA lines the thoracic wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum. VISCERAL PLEURA covers the surfaces of the lungs. THE ALVEOLAR WALLS ARE MADE OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS PULMONARY EPITHELIUM SCATTERED AMONG EPITHELIUM ARE SURFACTANT CELLS THAT SECRETE AN OIL COATING TO PREVENT THE ALVEOLI FROM STICKING TOGETHER AFTER EXHALATION. ALSO IN THE ALVEOLAR WALL ARE MACROPHAGES THAT PHAGOCYTIZE DEBRIS OR POTENTIAL PATHOGENS PULMONARY CAPILLARIES COVER THE EXTERIOR OF THE ALVEOLI