CHAPTER 1 SECTION2 The Origins of Sociology

EUROPEAN ORIGINS  19 th Century Europe Social/economic effects of the Industrial/French Revolution

AUGUSTE COMTE  Father of Sociology  Coined the term sociology  Wanted to use scientific observation “positivism” (Are you sure???? Yes, I am POSITIVE”) Social statics – the study of social stability and order Social Dynamics – the study of social change  Published Positive Philosophy

HARRIET MARTINEAU  Translated Comte’s Positive Philosophy  Feminist theorist Saw a link between slaves and women, supported both.

HERBERT SPENCER  Proponent of Social Darwinism and social change. Parts of society were like that of the human body, each with a function. Opposed social reform, as it interfered with the natural selection process  “The poor deserve to be poor, and the rich, rich.”  Contributed to the discussion on how societies should be structured

 Focus on inequality, poverty, and social class issues.  Class conflict – ongoing struggle between the owners and the workers. Out of conflict would come a classless society (communism) Planned revolution could speed up the process of change from capitalism to communism. KARL MARKS

 First to use statistical methods to study human groups Mechanical solidarity (pre-industrial) – social dependency based on a widespread consensus of values/beliefs, enforced conformity and dependence on tradition and family Organic Solidarity (post-industrial) – social interdependency based on a high degree of specialized roles.  *Human social behavior (suicide) must be explained by social factors as well as psychological factors EMILE DURKHEIM

 Contributed to the development of bureaucracy Verstehen – understanding the social behavior of other by putting yourself mentally in their places Rationalization – mindset that emphasizes the use of knowledge reason, and planning. MAX WEBER

 Best known early women social reformer in the US.  Co-founder of the Hull House in Chicago. (for people who needed refuge)  First sociologist to win the Nobel Peace Prize (1931)  Active in Woman Suffrage and peace movements. JANE ADAMS

W.E.B. DUBOIS  Prominent African American educator/social activist.  Focused on racial discrimination in the US and abroad.