CHINA Chapter 15

THE MAKING OF THE MODERN CHINESE STATE  Politics in Action  Tiananmen Square  Geographic Setting  Eastern part of mainland Asia  North: like the U.S. plains state in weather and topography  South: warmer climate  West: mountains, deserts, and high plateaus Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 2 Section 1

Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 3

THE CHINESE NATION AT A GLANCE Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 4

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THE MAKING OF THE MODERN CHINESE STATE  Critical Junctures  Warlords, Nationalists, and Communists ( )  Mao Zedong in Power ( )  Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of Chinese Communism ( )  From Revolutionaries to Technocrats (1997 to the Present) Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 6

THE MAKING OF THE MODERN CHINESE STATE  The Four Themes and China  China in a Globalized World of States  1949: China occupied a weak position in the international system  1950s: Soviet-style planning system  1970s: Deng Xiaoping’s reforms to improve living standards  Strong sense of collective national identity  People’s Republic of China  Communist party-state Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 7

Where Do You Stand? The Chinese Communist Party says that Mao’s achievements far outweighed his shortcomings. What do you think? Is a government ever justified in using massive force against unarmed demonstrators who are occupying a huge public space in the national capital, as happened in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 8

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  State and Economy  China Goes to Market  SOEs  Remaking the Chinese Countryside  Collectivized agriculture led to the household responsibility system Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 9 Section 2

China’s GDP per capita US$ (PPP) Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 10

Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 11 Urban and Rural Incomes in China

China’s Foreign Trade Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 12

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  Society and Economy  Economic Reform  Iron rice bowl  Floating population  Huge income gap  Corruption  One-child policy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 13

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  Environmental Issues  Industrial expansion fuelled by polluting coal  World’s largest source of CO 2 emissions  Unsustainable farming practices  Soil erosion, wetland destruction, deforestation, and desertification  Water shortage Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 14

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT  China in the Global Economy  “Reform and Opening Up”  Use trade to promote economic development  PRC is the world leader in exports  “Factory to the world”  Labor shortage due to one-child policy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 15

Where Do You Stand? There are those who say that China’s economy under Mao Zedong was better in some ways than that under Deng Xiaoping and his successors. In what ways might this be true? Do you see the rise of China as a threat to American interests or as an opportunity for cooperation in areas of mutual interest? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 16

GOVERNANCE AND POLICY- MAKING  Organization of the State  Communist party-state  Dominates all government and social instructions  Supporters of the socialist system  Shift toward a market economy Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 17 Section 3

GOVERNANCE AND POLICY- MAKING  The Executive  CCP Organization  National Party Congress  Central Committee  Politburo (Political Bureau)  Standing Committee  PRC Organization  State council  Cadre  Nomenklatura Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 18

GOVERNANCE AND POLICY- MAKING  Other State Institutions  The Judiciary  Subnational Government  Autonomous region  The Military, Police, and Internal Security  People’s Liberation Army (PLA)  Central Military Commission Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 19

GOVERNANCE AND POLICY- MAKING  The Policy-Making Process  1950s-1970s: top down “Mao-in-command” system  1980s-present: “fragmented authoritarianism”  “Leading small groups”  Policy process is more institutionalized and smoother  Less personalized and volatile Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 20

Where Do You Stand? One of the characteristics of a communist party-state is its commitment to Marxism-Leninism as the official ideology. Does the United States have an ideology? Because of the dominant role of a single political party, China’s policy-making process certainly doesn’t suffer from political paralysis. Do you think that’s a good thing? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 21

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  The Legislature  Socialist democracy  National People’s Congress  Unicameral legislature Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 22 Section 4

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Political Parties and the Party System  The Chinese Communist Party  China’s Non-Communist “Democratic Parties” Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 23

OCCUPATION OF CCP MEMBERS (2011) Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 24

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Elections  Most are indirect elections  Already-elected members elect those who will serve at the next-highest level  Direct elections  Most common in rural villages Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 25

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity  From Communism to Consumerism  China’s Non-Chinese Citizens Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 26

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest  CCP supports official mass organizations  Increase in NGOs since late 1990s  Protest and the Party-State  Tiananmen Massacre of 1989  Falun Gong Movement Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 27

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION  The Political Impact of Technology  Chinese party-state wants citizens to become computer literate  Also want to define and dictate Internet use  Technology empowers citizens Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 28

REPRESENTATION AND PARTICIPATION China claims it is a socialist democracy. Can socialism and democracy co-exist? Do you think Tibet can be called a colony of China? Why or why not? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 29

CHINESE POLITICS IN TRANSITION  Political Challenges and Changing Agendas  More people living in cities than the countryside  Rapid (planned) urbanization  Global financial crisis of 2008  China and the Democratic Idea  “Market-Leninism”  Resurgence of civil society Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 30 Section 5

CHINESE POLITICS IN TRANSITION  Youth Politics and the Generational Divide  China’s “Graying Population”  Over 60-year-olds are the most rapidly expanding age group  Higher education is expanding Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 31

CHINESE POLITICS IN TRANSITION  Chinese Politics in Comparative Perspective  China as a Communist Party-State  Totalitarianism  China as a Developing Country  More successful than many other nations Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 32

Where Do You Stand? Do you think that the Chinese Communist Party will still be in power in 2049, one hundred years after the founding of the People’s Republic? Do you think China is ready for democracy? Would democracy be good for China? Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning 33