PARTITION OF BENGAL ACTUAL REASONS & OFFICIAL REASONS ANTI-PARTITION MOVEMENT SPREAD OF THE MOVEMENT IMPACT OF THE PARTITION

REASONS FOR THE PARTITION OFFICIAL REASON– LESS ADMINISTRATIVE BURDEN ON GOVT MORE EFFICIENT ADMN DEAL WITH FAMINE AND DEFENCE ATTEND TO REMOTE AREAS ACTUAL REASONS – WEAKEN THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT POLICY OF DIVIDE AND RULE REACTIONARY POLICIES OF LORD CURZON TO SHOW THAT THE OPINION OF THE POLITICAL LEADERS HAD NO MEANING.

THE NEW PROVINCE AFTER PARTITION WESTERN PROVINCE EASTERN PROVINCE WEST BENGAL, BIHAR AND ORISSA HINDU MAJORITY HINDI AND ORIYA SPEAKING MAJORITY EAST BENGAL, ASSAM, TRIPURA, CHITTAGONG, DHAKA, RAJSHAHI, MALDA MUSLIM MAJORITY BENGALI SPEAKING MAJORITY

ANTI-PARTITION MOVEMENT- 1903 TO 1905 PETITIONS & MEMORANDUMS TO GOVT PUBLIC MEETINGS PAMPHLETS & NEWSPAPERS BOYCOTT OF BRITISH GOODS SWADESHI MOVEMENT 16th OCTOBER 1905 – PARTITION CAME INTO EFFECT – HARTAL IN CALCUTTA AMAR SONAR BANGLA – BY RABINDRANATH TAGORE PEOPLE TIED RAKHI ON EACH OTHER’S WRIST TO SYMBOLISE UNITY

SPREAD OF THE MOVEMENT TILAK – IN POONA & BOMBAY LALA LAJPAT RAI – IN PUNJAB SYED HAIDER RAZA – IN DELHI CHIDAMBARAM PILLAI - MADRAS

FOUR-FOLD PROGRAM OF BOYCOTT BOYCOTT OF ENGLISH SPEECH BOYCOTT OF BRITISH GOODS RESIGNATION OF HONOURARY OFFICES UNDER THE GOVERNMENT BOYCOTT OF PEOPLE BUYING FOREIGN GOODS

BOYCOTT OF FOREIGN GOODS PRIESTS STOPPED USING FOREIGN MATERIALS WHILE DOING POOJA WASHERMEN REFUSED TO WASH FOREIGN CLOTHES. SHOPS STOPPED SELLING FOREIGN ARTICLES OR ELSE WERE PICKETED WOMEN STOPPED USING FOREIGN BANGLES AND UTENSILS. SWADESHI ENTERPRISES WERE SET UP .BONFIRES OF FOREIGN GOODS. REVIVAL OF INDIGENOUS INDUSTRIES BOYCOTT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION & GROWTH OF NATIONAL EDUCATION.

ANNULMENT OF PARTITION WHEN ? - IN 1911 WHY ? - IN ORDER TO CURB THE GROWING VIOLENCE BIHAR AND ORISSA TAKEN OUT OF BENGAL AND ASSAM MADE A SEPARATE PROVINCE. CAPITAL OF INDIA SHIFTED FROM CALCUTTA TO DELHI

FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE FACTORS PROMOTING THE FORMATION EVENTS LEADING TO THE FORMATION FOUNDERS OF THE LEAGUE OBJECTIVES OF THE LEAGUE.

FACTORS PROMOTING THE FORMATION OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE 1. DIVIDE & RULE POLICY OF BRITISH- Recruitment of Muslims limited in the army claiming that they were to be blamed for the revolt of 1857. Pitted the Muslims against the Hindus, claiming that the Congress was a Hindu dominated party. Groups promoting communalism were encouraged, separate electorate encouraged.

2.ECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL BACKWARDNESS Lack of employment opportunities to Muslims due to backwardness in education. Hindus however supported modern education and therefore got government jobs. Muslims believed that loyalty to the British would assure them of jobs in the British government.

3.ENCOURAGING TEACHING OF COMMUNAL HISTORY British government encouraged teaching of communal history trough text books – James Mill described ancient India as the Hindu period and medieval India as the Muslim period- historians projected cruelties on Hindus by Muslim rulers – Communal hatred grew.

4.RELIGIOUS TINGE OF INDIAN NATIONALISM Bankim Chandra’s reference of Lord Krishna as the soul of India/ Ganesh festival, Shivaji festival – Hindu festivals used to propagate nationalism/ Objectives secular, but exploited by British in their favour.

ROLE OF SYED AHMED KHAN 5. Role of Syed Ahmed Khan in promoting education among Muslims by founding Scientific Society of Aligarh for Muslims/ His opposition to Indian National Congress claiming it to be a Hindu – dominated party – feared that democratic self- government would lead to control by Hindu – majority / Allied with British for privileges and favours/ started Mohamaddan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh to promote scientific education among Muslims ---- His attitude widened gulf between both communities.

EVENTS LEADING TO FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE 1. HINDI – URDU CONTROVERSY – Nagari Pracharini Sabha in the United Province [ present Uttar Pradesh] demanded Hindi written in Devanagari script to be made as the official language. Government made Hindi and Persian the official language. Muslims resented the order and protested. Hindu – Muslim relations worsened.

2. PARTITION OF BENGAL PARTITION OF MUSLIM MAJORITY IN EAST BENGAL AND ASSAM STRENGTHENED MUSLIM ASPIRATIONS FOR SEPARATE REGION. MANY UPPER CLASS MUSLIMS WERE INFLUENCED BY BRITISH THAT A SEPARATE MUSLIM PROVINCE WOULD BRING PROSPERITY TO THEM.

THE ALIGARH MOVEMENT AFTER SYED AHMED KHAN MOVEMENT IN ALIGARH OPPOSING GRANTING OF EQUAL STATUS TO HINDI AND URDU IN THE UNITED PROVINCE. THOUGH THE MOVEMENT WAS SUPPRESSED IT MADE THE MUSLIMS DESPERATE IN HAVING A POLITICAL ORGANISATION FOR THEMSELVES.

MUSLIM DEPUTATION TO LORD MINTO A MUSLIM DEPUTATION MET LORD MI NTO THE VICEROY IN 1906 WITH SPECIAL DEMANDS – ASSURANCE OF MUSLIM EMPLOYMENT/ RESERVATION OF SEATS FOR MUSLIMS IN COLLEGES & MUNICIPALITIES/ SEPARATE ELECTORATE/ ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSLIM UNIVERSITY.

MORLEY - MINTO REFORMS IN 1909 THE DEMANDS OF A SEPARATE ELECTORATE BY THE MUSLIMS WAS ACCEPTED UNDER THE MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS. IT MEANT THAT MUSLIMS WOULD ELECT ONLY MUSLIM REPRESENTATIVES AND HINDUS WOULD ELECT ONLY HINDU REPRESENTATIVES. IT PROVED A FATAL BLOW TO UNITY OF INDIA.

FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF AGHA KHAN NAWAB SALIMULLAH OF DHAKA NAWAB NOINUDDIN MALIK

OBJECTIVES OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE TO PROMOTE A FEELING OF LOYALTY TO BRITISH GOVERNMENT FOR FAVOURS TO PROTECT POLITICAL RIGHTS OF MUSLIMS IN INDIA TO PREVENT HOSTILITY TOWARDS OTHER COMMUNITIES.

OUTCOME OF FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE KEPT EMERGING MUSLIM MIDDLE CLASS AWAY FROM CONGRESS SEPARATE ELECTORATES WERE INTRODUCED.