- a complex pathological process which is based on a violation of the tissue (cell) metabolism, leading to structural and functional changes.

Depending on the location: 1. parenchymatous 2. mesenchymal 3. mixed. 1. parenchymatous 2. mesenchymal 3. mixed. Depending on the prevalence of violations of any kinds of metabolism: 1. protein 2. lipid 3. carbohydrate 4. mineral

Depending on the genetic factors role: 1. acquired 2. hereditary Depending on the extent of the process: 1. general 2. local

1) Disorders of the cell autoregulation (hyperfunction, exposure to toxic substances, radiation, genetic deficiency or absence of enzymes, etc.); 2) Violation of the transport systems functions leading to the metabolism and structural damage of tissues (cells); 3) Disorders of the endocrine (hyperthyroidism, diabetes, hyperparathyroidism, etc.) and neural regulation (violation of innervation, a brain tumor, etc.).

infiltration

Decomposition

Abnormal (perverted) synthesis

transformation

- a manifestation of metabolic disorders in highly functional cells (myocardiocyte, hepatocytes, renal tubular cells, adrenal, etc.).

Parenchymatous dystrophy are subdivided into: 1) protein (disproteinosis) 2) lipid (lipidosis) 3) carbohydrate.

Parenchymatous protein dystrophies

- hyaline droplet degeneration - hydropic degeneration - keratin dystrophy Parenchymatous protein dystrophy

- hyaline droplet degeneration Parenchymatous protein dystrophy

hydropic degeneration

keratin dystrophy (hyperkeratosis)

keratin dystrophy (ichthyosis)

keratin dystrophy (leucoplakia)

Leukoplakia (Leucos – white, Plaque - spot) - a chronic disease of the mucosa characterized by epithelial keratinization during its chronic stimulation.

Leukoplakia

Forms : flat (or simple), warty (or verrucous), erosive, Tappeyner`s leukoplakia of smokers.

Leukoplakia of oral mucosa Exogenous factors: 1) bad habits (smoking, drinking, chewing tobacco, etc.), 2) mechanical (chronic injury with sharp-edged teeth, carious teeth, dentures, etc.), 3) physical (very hot or spicy food), 4) chemical factors (including occupational hazard), 5) adverse weather conditions (cold, wind, strong insolation).

Leukoplakia of oral mucosa Endogenous factors: 1) gastro-intestinal tract (eg, chronic ulcers ongoing infectious origin, including syphilis), 2) lack of vitamin A, 3) genetic predisposition.

Leukoplakia Outcomes: The course - a long (many years). Unfavorable outcome - the development of cancer, most often (50%) in the form of warty. In this regard, leukoplakia is considered as a precancerous condition.

cancer pearls"

Keratin dystrophy

Dystrophy Parenchymatous protein dystrophy Hereditary parenchymatous disproteinosis is associated with inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism. They are: 1) cystinosis, 2) tyrosinosis, 3) phenylpyruvic ketonuria.

Parenchymatous lipid degeneration (lipidosis) - is the manifestation of disorders of fat metabolism in the highly specialized cells functionally.

Parenchymatous lipid degeneration (lipidosis)

fatty degeneration of the heart

Parenchymatous hereditary system lipidosis: or storage diseases associated with hereditary deficiency of any enzyme, and include: 1) cerebroside lipidosis (Gaucher`s disease), 2) sphingomyelin lipidosis (Niemann-Pick`s disease), 3) ganglioside lipidosis (Tay-Sach`s disease), 4) generation localized gangliosidosis (Landing disease Norman-), etc.  Pathological diagnosis is based on the specific to a particular type of lipidosis cells detecting in tissues (Gaucher`s cells etc.)

Parenchymatous Carbohydrate Dystrophy

Parenchymal Carbohydrate Dystrophy is associated with the metabolic disorders of glycogen or glycoproteins. In case of glycoproteins metabolism violation mucins and mucoids (mucoid substance) are accumulated in cells. Disorders of glycogen metabolism occur in diabetes.

Study the micropreparations

Granular changes of kidney tubule epithelium cytoplasm (№11)

Lipid dystrophy of the liver (№23)

Keratin dystrophy (№68)