Chapters 16 and 17 BY: EZEQUIEL DIAZ, ASHLEY VELAZCO, JENNA MORRIS, WILCHESCA MARIÑO GROUP 3 PERIOD 6

Note Taking 1. Fold paper in half 2. On the left side, write each slide title 3. On the right side, write details about the topic Example: Slide TitleDetails Descartes Beginning of the Thirty Years’ War (1618): volunteered for service in the army for leisure November 10, 1619: underwent “Illumination of the Mystic” The Scientific Method Used to arrive at general concepts Answered how something worked, not why

The Scientific Revolution -Copernicus ( ) -Tycho Brahe - Johannes Kepler -Galileo Galileo -Newton -Galen -Paracelsus (Aureolus Von Hohenheim) -Andreas Vesalius -William Harvey

Copernicus Studied math and astronomy Wrote “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres” Heliocentric Theory

Tycho Brahe Observed the positions of the stars and the movement of planets - Led to the rejection of the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system His assistant was Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler Tycho Brahe’s assistant Theory: Universe is constructed of geometric figures Confirmed the heliocentric theory Discovered the Three Planetary Motions

Galileo Invented the telescope and was the first to observe the heavens with it Published, “The Starry Messenger” Ordered to reject the Copernican thesis

Newton Invented calculus Wrote “Principia” Known as “The Symbol of Western Science” The 3 Laws of Motion and the Universal Law of Gravitation

Galen Relied on animals for dissections instead of humans Believed that there are two separate blood systems 4 bodily humors: Blood (warm and moist), yellow bile (warm and dry), phlegm (cold and moist), black bile (cold and dry)

Paracelsus Macrocosm-microcosm principle Believed diseases were due to chemical imbalances in the organs

Andreas Vesalius Influenced by Galen’s “On Anatomical Procedures” Wrote “On the Fabric of the Human Body” -dissected bodies and illustrated them Found that blood circulates from the heart

William Harvey Wrote “On the Motion of the Heart and Blood” - Based on meticulous observations and experiments - Found that blood makes a complete circuit throughout the body

René Descartes ( ) November 10, 1619: Had a “Ecstatic Illumination of the Mystic” Discourse on Method (1637) Cartesian Dualism

Francis Bacon ( ) Rejected Copernicus and Kepler's ideas Misunderstood Galileo The Great Instauration

Scientific Method Systematic observations and experiments Answered how something works Newton’s contributions

Science and Religion in the 17 th Century  Theology ruled science  Galileo’s ideas  Ptolemaic-Aristotelian Cosmology

Philosopher; grew up in Amsterdam Influences Pantheism Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner Baruch Spinoza ( )

Blaise Pascal ( ) French scientist Wanted to keep science and religion united November 23, 1654: Had a mystical vision Pensées Pascal’s view on Christianity Did he achieve his goal???

The Spread of Scientific Knowledge Royalty/prince’s contribution to science How the scientists communicate their ideas to each other

The Scientific Societies The English Royal Society The French Royal Academy of Sciences Scientific influences on Germany Scientific journals used to influence others to create scientific societies

The Enlightenment  Reason: The scientific method to understanding all life  Philosophes: Intellectuals of the Enlightenment  Immanuel Kant – defined Enlightenment as “Dare to know”  Fontenelle - communicated body of scientific knowledge in clear and witty fashion  Boyle – argued existence of many religions will benefit the country

John Locke every person was born with a blank mind Knowledge was derived from our environment

The Spirit Of The Laws Written by Montesquieu Distinguished 3 governments: Republics, Monarchy, and Despotism

Voltaire Criticized lack of religious toleration Wrote “Treatise on Toleration” : Religion creates no problems in England Problems with religion: One religionTwoThree Despotism ThreatFight Each OtherLive in Peace Happily

Diderot Wrote the “Encyclopedia” - Made to change the way of thinking The World is only a mass of molecules

Science of Man To discover natural laws underlying all areas of human life Hume’s Definition: Observation and reflection were the common sense

Natural Economic Laws Discovered by Quesnay with Physiocrats Govern human society Two Laws 1. Land was the only source of wealth 2. Repudiation of mercantilism

Adam Smith Best statement of the laissez-faire in 1776 Wrote “Wealth of Nations” 3 Basic Principles of Economics Government had 3 basic functions  Protect society from invasions  Defend individuals from justice  Keep certain public works 1Protective tariffs to protect home industries 2Labor was the true wealth of the nation 3The state can not interfere in economic matters

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Wrote “The Social Contract” Tried to harmonize individual liberty with government authority Liberty achieved by being forced to follow Education should foster rather than restrict children’s natural instincts

Women’s Question Men reinforced the role of women based on “natural” biological differences Wollstonecraft – the Enlightenment was based on an ideal of reason in all human beings  Women shouldn’t have to obey men

Art Styles  Baroque  Detailed and full of emotion  Usually tied to religion  Rococo  Emphasized grace and gentleness  Rejected geometric patterns  Highly secular

Cultures of 18 th Century Europe  High Culture  Aimed at the wealthy classes  Increase in literacy and publishing  Popular Culture  Social activities for all classes  Festivals (Carnival)  Increased Indulgences  Chapbooks

Religion  Increase in toleration of religions besides Catholicism  However Jews are still looked down upon  Revival of Christianity and Protestantism  John Wesley(Protestantism)