TIN MODEL: Overview HYPACK 2016

What’s a TIN MODEL?  TIN = Triangulated Irregular Network: Connect three soundings to make a triangular ‘face’. The faces can then be used to represent a surface.  The TIN MODEL program in HYPACK ® can make models from: XYZ Data files. Edited LOG files. Matrix (MTX) files. HS2 & HS2x Files (Caution: These might get too large to handle) Some people like gridded models because they are faster. We like TIN MODELS because they are more representative of your data!

Delaunay Triangles  The TIN MODEL program normally makes Delaunay triangles.  Delaunay Triangles:  If you draw a circle that contains all three points of any triangle, no other point will be contained in the circle.  Takes longer to generate a model.  Reportedly ‘more accurate’.  Not always desired…  Disable if you run single beam lines non-perpendicular to side slopes.  To disable, click the ‘Align TIN with LNW (Single Beam Data). You will need to provide an LNW file. Note: If you have single beam data run non-parallel up a side slope, you may want to disable the creation of Delaunay triangles.

What’s a TIN MODEL Good For? Pretty Pictures!  3D Models: Gray Scale, Color with Geo TIF Overlays/Inserts

What’s a TIN MODEL Good For? Volumes!  Volumes: TIN vs. Level TIN vs. LNW TIN vs. CHN  With Zones  Without Zones TIN vs. TIN TIN vs. XYZ  Input Data: Single Beam Multiple Transducer Multibeam Details are in the TIN MODEL Volumes section.

What’s a TIN MODEL Good For? Contouring!  Export DXF Contours with Lines, Labels and/or Solid Fills

What’s a TIN MODEL Good For? Data Export! Output: Edited ALL Files Along Planned Lines XYZ at regular intervals. XYZ Differences at regular intervals. XYZ Differences at TIN MODEL vertices. BAG (Bathymetric Attributed Grid) Surfaces

What’s a TIN MODEL Good For? Filling MTX Files!  Create a solid MTX for DREDGEPACK ®.

Making a TIN Model Primary Data Files (Earlier file if reading more than one.) Second Data Files (Later file if reading more than one.) LNW File for Volumes or Export Along Line CHN File for Volumes Maximum connection distance between data points. XYZ File For Special Volume Technique Mode inherited from GEODETIC PARAMETERS Clears the Text Entry Create Non- Delaunay Triangles Eliminate edge triangles with a vertex less than 1º. You can enter multiple files as your ‘Input File’.

TIN MAX SIDE  Make your TIN MAX Side: Large enough to connect adjacent points. Not so large that it connects unrelated points. TIN MAX SIDE = 25TIN MAX SIDE = 100

Align TIN with LNW  Use when single beam survey lines are not perpendicular to bottom contour.  Eliminates artificial ‘scalloping’ of bottom. ‘Scalloping’ of Single Beam Data in TIN MODEL.

Removing Narrow Triangles Removes triangles with an internal angle <1 degree. Without Removal With Removal Works its way from the outside of the TIN MODEL inwards, eliminating triangles with a vertex of < 1˚.

Making a TIN MODEL

Sample TIN: Bonneville Dam Data courtesy David Evans & Associates, Portland, OR

Sample TIN: LIDAR Data Airborne LIDAR data (topo and hydro) courtesy JALCBTX

Sample TIN MODELs Plymouth, UK with GeoTIF Overlay

Editing a Model Click ‘Modify’ – ‘Edit TIN’ to examine, remove and create triangles. BREAK TRIANGLE (AVI) POLYGON PEN (AVI) SELECT PEN (AVI) SPLIT LEG (AVI) QUERY TRIANGLE TRIM TIN RECONNEC T (AVI) BREAK TIN (AVI) LOAD BRD (AVI)

3D TINs with Vertical Walls If you have vertical structures, you will want to rotate the surface so that there is separation in the projection of X-Y-Z to an X-Y plane before creating the surface model.

Display Background Files in ‘Modify TIN’ Window. Display TIF, DXF, DGN, XYZ, TGT and other background files while you modify the TIN.

Trimming a TIN: With a BRD (Border) File  Create a BRD file before entering TIN MODEL.  Eraser: Eliminates all triangles inside/outside the border (based on In/Out point) and all triangles crossed by the border.  Scissors: (Preferred) Generates data points along BRD-TIN intersection to trim exactly along BRD line.

Exporting a TIN to GeoTIF  In 3D View (Grey or Color):  All rotations must be =  Vertical Exaggeration can be anything.

Vertical Exaggerations  Short-cut Keys: Page-Up Page-Down  Click the tool icon to view parameters. Change the Z-Axis Ratio to a higher number. This exaggerates the z-axis, making small changes more prominent. You can also change the Z-Axis ratio by hitting the Page Up and Page Down keys.

TIF and TIN Combinations Users can combine a GeoTIF file and a 3-D Tin Model for a nice effect.

TIN MODEL: Export

DXF Contours For the best results, we recommend you contour your Sorted data. Your contours will be smoother.  Lines: DXF Polylines (broken for labels)  Fills: DXF polygons.  Labels: DXF Text objects.

DXF Contour Options  Export 2D Contour (Default) 3D Contour 3D Tin 2D Contour ACAD 2002 (Use for CAD/GIS that cannot handle complex polygons) 3D Contour ACAD 2002 (Use for CAD/GIS that cannot handle complex polygons)  Minimum Leg: Minimum distance between contour vertices. Bigger the value, the rounder your contours.  Minimum Area Removes contour polygons with surface area less than value.  Enable Smoothing: Rounds out sharp edges. Deactivates Minimum Leg.

DXF Contour Options  Contours: Exports contour polylines with labels. Labeling, line weights and styles are defined in Contour Attributes.  Step: Contour Intervals Fixed increment (e.g. Every 1m) Color Scheme Custom (enter contour levels) File (read levels from file. You have to examine the contour attributes before you can output your contours.

Contour Attributes Enable labelsEnable labels Set line typeSet line type Set line colorSet line color Set line thicknessSet line thickness Spacing between labelsSpacing between labels Height of labelsHeight of labels Decimal places of labelsDecimal places of labels

Contour Example

Improving your Contours: Use Sorted Data  Contour a ‘sorted’ data file instead of ‘edited’ data.  Edited single beam data creates long, narrow triangles, resulting in ugly contours. Edited Data Sorted Data Contours of Edited All Format Data (Black) vs. Sorted Data (Blue)

Improving your Contours: Smoothing  Smoothing eliminates sharp edges. Blue = Smoothing OFF Red = Smoothing ON

Improving your Contours: Minimum Leg  Minimum Leg:  Used to adjust the minimum distance between vertices along the contour polyline.  In the drawing (above): Blue = 0. (no restriction on number of vertices) Red = 10. Black = 25. Beware! If you set the Minimum Leg large enough, it can move a contour to the wrong side of a sounding!

Exporting Data Along a Planned Line  TIN MODEL determines the z-value of the surface at exact increments along the planned line.  Data is exported to Edited ALL format. One file for each line. One LOG file with the names of all data files. Template data of the planned line is embedded in the header of the output data files. The perfect input to CROSS SECTIONS AND VOLUMES!

Exporting Data Along a Planned Line  Input: XYZ, LOG or MTX File for TIN Surface LNW file to define sections.  LNW file can contain multiple segment lines.  You can extend export beyond the ends of the planned line. AVI

Exporting Soundings Along a Planned Line: DXF Format Same as exporting along a planned line, except it writes info to a DXF file.

Exporting Soundings Along a Planned Line – DXF Format Example

Exporting Soundings Along a Planned Line: Data Files (Before Dredge and After Dredge) Exporting Soundings Along a Planned Line: 2 Data Files (Before Dredge and After Dredge)  Before Dredge Input File Placed to right of data point.  After Dredge Additional File Placed to left of data point.

Export Along a Pipeline  Create a multi-segment LNW file with the pipeline coordinates.  Export to All Format from the TIN MODEL.

Exporting Along a Pipeline: Example

Outputting to MTX File Exports TIN to a matrix file Input a predefined blank matrix created with the Matrix Editor. Or select the cell size. The program will determine matrix frame and rotation angle automatically. Allows you to export TIN2 as matrix dredge depth.

Outputting to XYZ Red: Original; Black: Gridded SelectionResult Tin Outputs Z-value of model. Channel Avg Outputs the average Z-value between the model and the channel (LNW or CHN). Channel Diff Outputs the difference in Z-value between the model and the channel (LNW or CHN). Tin to Tin Avg Outputs the average Z-value between two surface models. Tin to Tin Diff Outputs the difference in Z-values between two surface models.

Outputting XYZ: TIN to TIN Difference  Input File: Earlier Survey  Additional File: Later Survey  Output : TIN to TIN Diff Z-Value = Z 1 – Z 2  Positive results represent accumulations.  Negative results represent losses. AVI

Output Border File True Border (Left): Outputs exact perimeter. Doesn’t work if you have holes in model or more than one distinct surface. Convex Envelope (Right): Outputs perimeter without ‘concavities’. True BorderConvex Envelope

OUTPUT OF BAGS: (Bathymetry Attributed Grid)  A BAG file contains gridded XYZ data with attribute data.  Used in mapping applications by CARIS and ESRI. Read attribute data from existing BAG, HYPACK Metadata or XML Metadata file. Set the grid spacing. Give your BAG file a name (*.BAG). Away you go…. Edit the Metadata file.

Export to *.STL Format for 3-D Printing Most 3-D printing programs can import STL format files. Export to STL requires the maximum print dimensions. These are based on your 3-D printer’s capabilities. The dimensions default to a Makerbot Replicator 5 th Gen 3-D Printer. This is what the STL file looks like (wreck) after importing it into the MakerBot printing control program.

TIN MODEL VOLUMES Reservoir Volumes (TIN vs. LEVEL) Volumes with a Planned Line (TIN vs. LNW: Philadelphia) Volumes with a CHN File (TIN vs. CHN) Volumes with multiple CHN Files (TIN vs. CHN vs CHN….) Volumes above/below a previous XYZ File (TIN vs. XYZ)

TIN MODEL VOLUMES Reservoir Volumes TIN vs. Level

Computing Volumes for Reservoirs in TIN MODEL Computes volume and surface area above/below a series of z-levels. Blue equals the surface area of the ‘pool’ at the current z-level.

Tin to Level: Setup Levels: ‘From’ Z-level ‘To’ Z-level ‘Step’ (Z-interval) If you only want one level: ‘From’ = ‘To’ = Z-level Step = 1.00 Show Picture: Generates a graphic for feedback during the calculation. Really slows things down. Step In: Stops after each level in order to allow you to make a screen capture.

TIN to LEVEL: Example

Tin to Level: Sub-divided by Border Files (*.brd) Volumes and areas are computed separately for each border file.

TIN MODEL Report: Volume: TIN vs Level  To view the TIN MODEL’s report: Click the Export – View Report menu item. The text report opens in Notepad. The results are displayed for each level.  Volume Above  Area Above  Volume Below  Area Below For both Depth Data and Elevation Data, Volume Below is the volume of the pool and Area Below is the surface area of the pool.

The Results Volume of Reservoir at Z- Level “Cut” Volume of Material Above Z-Level Surface Area of Reservoir at Z- Level

TIN to Level Report: with Borders

TIN MODEL VOLUMES Volume Difference Between Two Data Sets: TIN vs. LEVEL Volumes

The Problem  We have two surveys of an area from two different times of the year: multibeam3x3Oct.xyz multibeam10x10Mar.xyz  We want to determine: How material has moved during the two surveys. How much material has been accumulated or lost between the two surveys.

The Solution  Create a ‘Difference’ file between the two TIN surfaces.  TIN 1 is in black.  TIN 2 is in red.  For each ‘node’ of TIN 1:  The z-value from TIN 1 is noted.  The X-Y of the node is projected onto TIN 2.  The z-value from TIN 2 for the X-Y is noted.  A difference file is created by saving the X-Y of the node with a Z-value = Z 1 – Z 2.  The result is an XYZ data set where ‘Z’ represents the difference in elevation between the two models. Z2Z2 Z1Z1 In the ‘Export’ menu, select “XYZ” and then select Export “TIN to TIN Difference”.

Making an XYZ Difference File

Load the Difference File into TIN MODEL ….still in the TIN MODEL  Click ‘File – New’.  Input File: DIFF.XYZ  Tin Max Side: 50  Mode: Elevation Accumulations will be positive. Depletions will be negative. Surface Model will be ‘right-side up’.  Click ‘OK’ In a difference file, accumulations are positive and losses are negative. Therefore, when you load the difference file back into TIN MODEL, you have to select “Elevation” as the model.

Viewing the Results  The solid fill view was drawn with the following color scheme. Z > 0 (accumulation)  Green to grey Z < 0 (depletion)  Yellow to orange  In this study, a large sand wave is traveling through the area east- to-west.

Net Accumulation or Depletion?  Click ‘Calculate – Volume’  Select ‘Tin to Level’  Set:  From = 0.  To = 0.  Step = 1.0  Click ‘OK’  Accumulation = Grey  14,950 yd 3  Depletion = Blue  5,976 ft 3  Net:  +8,974 ft 3

TIN MODEL VOLUMES Volumes Using a Planned Line File Created in CHANNEL DESIGN TIN vs. LNW ‘Philadelphia Method’ (They paid for it!)

Volumes Using a 3-Dimensional LNW file  The TIN MODEL can compute volumes using a 3-dimensional LNW file created in CHANNEL DESIGN.  Volume quantities are computed for:  Design material  Overdepth material  Overdredged material  Material is divided:  Left slope (or box)  Left of center  Right of center  Right slope (or box) This routine only works with “simple channels”. Only left slope, left-of-center, right-of-center and right slope in your profile. Use TIN vs CHN reported by sections for complex templates.

Advantages  Survey data can be:  Single Beam  Multibeam  Multiple Transducer  Survey data can be collected in any direction.  You can quickly answer ‘what if’ questions by creating a new LNW file and running the same data in TIN MODEL.

TIN vs. LNW Philadelphia Method: Single Survey Example

Sample Philadelphia Report Export –View Report A= A = Design Material B = Overdepth Material A + B Material Removed Above the Design Template Material Removed in the Allowable Overdepth Region

Contour Dredging  ‘Contour’ computes overdepth material only where the bottom is shoaler than the channel design.  Also called ‘Smart’ in Standard HYPACK® method.

Box Cuts  3D planned lines have side slope templates shown by ABCDE above. Left Box and Right Box only compute material on one side of the centerline. The Box Cut options (right) use points BCD from the original template.  Points F and G define the left box and right box limits and are computed from info entered in the Philadelphia Setting frame (in green to right).

Philadelphia Method: Pre-Dredge vs. Post-Dredge  Input File: Before Dredge Data Always the earlier survey.  Additional File: After Dredge Data Always the later survey.  Section File: LNW File created in CHANNEL DESIGN or ADVANCED CHANNEL DESIGN No Complex Templates are allowed.

Pre-Dredge vs. Post-Dredge Philadelphia Set-up  Setup is the same as when computing a single TIN vs. LNW file.

Updated Philadelphia (Pre-Dredge vs Post-Dredge vs LNW) Report  Gross Values – Infill Values = Net Values Report Summary  A: TOTAL PAY REMOVED TO PROJECT DEPTH: The difference in available material above the design template between the Pre-Dredge and Post-Dredge surveys.  B: TOTAL PAY REMOVED IN OVERDEPTH: The difference in available material in the overdepth area between the Pre-Dredge and Post-Dredge surveys.  C: TOTAL PAY REMOVED: A + B  D: TOTAL REMOVED: A + B + Any material removed beneath the overdepth template.  E: TOTAL REMAINING ABOVE PROJECT DEPTH: The available material above the design template based on the Post-Dredge survey.  F: TOTAL OVERDREDGED MATERIAL: Material removed beneath the overdepth template.  G: TOTAL INFILL MATERIAL: Material where the Post-Dredge survey is shoaler than the Pre- Dredge survey.

Philadelphia PreDredge vs. PostDredge Report Layout Volume Removed Above Design Volume Removed in Overdepth Region Volume Removed Beneath Overdepth Template (Overdredged) Infill Above DesignInfill in Overdepth Region Infill Beneath Overdepth Template (Overdredged) Remaining Material Above Design Remaining Material in Overdepth Region Dredged Quantities Summary Report Layout

TIN MODEL VOLUMES Complex Design Surface TIN vs. CHN

ADVANCED CHANNEL DESIGN Complex Dredge Surfaces  Complex dredging plans can be designed in ADVANCED CHANNEL DESIGN.  These designs are saved as CHN files.  TIN MODEL can then compute the volume of a TIN SURFACE above/below the CHN.

ADVANCED CHANNEL DESIGN Enter your node points (X- Y-Z-id). Manual Entry Import from XYZ file Connect your nodes into ‘planar’ faces. Enter in counter-clockwise direction. No concave faces allowed. Use ‘Check Faces’ before exiting.

ADVANCED CHANNEL DESIGN Assign faces to reporting zones This is optional….

CHN Examples

TIN vs. CHN Volume: Setup  TIN vs. CHN only works with Input files. No ‘Additional File’.  Enter a CHN file for your ‘Channel Plan’.

TIN vs CHN Options Overdepth: Sets the Allowable Overdepth surface a fixed distance below the design surface. Borders: Allows you to subdivide the report by border areas. Report Options: Adds different items to the volume report. Itemize by: Channel Face: The report lists the material above/below each polygon face. Channel Zone: The report lists the material located in each reporting zone. Sections: The report lists the material located in each reporting zone, subdivided by planned lines. Sections + Zones: Reporting zones, sub-divided by planned lines.

TIN vs CHN: Report by Faces You need: TIN CHN  Provides the volume of material for each ‘face’ of the CHN and then the totals.

TIN vs CHN: Zones You need: TIN CHN with Zones  Shows the total amount of material for each of the zones.

TIN vs CHN: Sections You need: TIN CHN LNW  Reports the amount of material between each pair of planned lines.

TIN vs CHN: Sections and Zones You need: TIN CHN with Zones LNW  Reports the amount of material in each reporting zone between each pair of planned lines.

TIN vs. CHN Volumes: Example

TIN vs. CHN: Sub-divided by BRD Files

TIN vs. CHN with Zones Creating Reporting Zones in ADVANCED CHANNEL DESIGN Compute volumes using a CHN and assign quantities to a ‘Reporting Zone’. TIN vs. CHN with ZEL

Reporting Zones In ADVANCED CHANNEL DESIGN: Create your design surface by entering XYZ nodes and connecting them into planar faces. Under ‘Window – Zones’: Create your reporting zones. Color-code each zone. Assign planar faces to each zone.

TIN vs. CHN: Set-up with Reporting Zones  A Planned Line file (*.LNW) is optional.  It allows you to sub-divide the material in each reporting zone between pairs of planned lines.

TIN vs. CHN: with BRD Files made from Reporting Zones  Generate BRD files from the Zones you create in ADVANCED CHANNEL DESIGN (ACD).  Do a ‘TIN vs. CHN’ Volume computation in TIN MODEL.  Enter your BRD files created in ACD.  Total volumes are reported for each border (zone).

TIN MODEL VOLUMES Volumes with Multiple CHN Files Subdivided by Planned Lines

Philadelphia MultiCHN

Philadelphia MultiCHN: Requirements We’re going to need: A CHN file for each required surface (up to 4) An LNW file that has just the Channel Centerline. This is used to divide the channel volumes into left-of-center and right-of-center. An LNW file that has the section lines. This is used to sub-divide the report by pairs of planned lines. The lines do not have to have any template information. Any template information in the LNW file is ignored.

Philadelphia MultiCHN: CHN Files Create a CHN file for each reporting surface. You can have up to 4 CHN files. The CHN files are created in ADVANCED CHANNEL DESIGN. The routine computes the amount of material above each surface. It then deducts the material above the previous surface. For example, the Allowable Overdepth – Maintenance Dredging material is equal to the amount of material above the CHN2 minus the amount of material above the CHN1.

Philadelphia MultiCHN: LNW Files  Create one LNW file that has just the channel centerline. This is used to sub-divide the material into Left-of-Center and Right-of-Center categories.  Create an LNW file that has the channel section lines. These are used to sub-divide the material between pairs of planned lines. Your planned lines should extend across ALL of the CHN files. Any template information found in the LNW file is IGNORED.

Philadelphia MultiCHN Setup 1. Click on the Multi Channel Philadelphia Button and the window to the right will appear. 2. Enter up to 4 CHN files. Then enter the LNW file for the centerline (required) and the LNW file that has your section lines (required).

Philadelphia MultiCHN: Optional Configuration  Click the ‘Include Template from Line File’ check box (bottom).  Enter the LNW file for the Maintenance Dredging.  Enter the LNW file for the New Dredging.  Give it a try….

Philadelphia MultiCHN in Action

Philadelphia MultiCHN: The Report FOR EACH LINE….. Report Summary

TIN MODEL VOLUMES Volumes Against Historical Surface TIN vs. XYZ

TIN vs. XYZ: Setup  Used to compute difference in material between two XYZ files.  No channel design is used.

TIN vs. XYZ: Results  Reports: Volume of TIN Above XYZ. (Material that has been added.) Volume of TIN Below XYZ. (Material that has been removed.)

TIN vs. Design XYZ: In Action

TIN MODEL VOLUMES Scour Hole Computation

Scour Volumes Used to determine how much rock is needed to fill a scour hole beneath a dam outfall. 1: Define your design plane. 2: Save it to a CHN 3: Compute a TIN vs CHN volume to see how much rock you need to bring in. AVI