Hierarchal system kingdom phylum class order family genus species

Prokaryotae Kingdom Unicellular, microscopic Includes bacteria and blue-green algae No internal membrane bound organelles No nucleus Cell wall not cellulose, murein

Protoctista kingdom Unicellular; microscopic – mainly single cell organisms, no tissue differentiation Nucleus present – Eukaryotic (nucleus and membrane bound organelles) Autotrophic or heterotrophic Includes algae and protozoa Amoeba (heterotrophic) Euglena (autotrophic)

Fungi Eukaryotic No root, stem and leaf – Rigid cell walls of chitin Heterotrophic – Saprophytic or parasitic – No chlorophyll Reproduce by forming spores Includes mold, yeast, mushrooms bread mold rhizopus

Plantae Kingdom Eukaryotic – Multicellular – Photosynthetic (Autotrophic) – Cellulose cell wall Can be divided into two groups: – Non-flowering plants – Flowering plants – Mosses – Ferns – Conifers

Animalia Heterotrophic Multicellular eukaryotes No cell wall Nervous coordination Divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of backbone: – Invertebrates : without backbone – Vertebrates/Chordates : with backbone Only need to know Basic Features of: – Annelids – Arthropods (four subdivisions) – Chordates

Annelids - examples - earthworm, leech, and lugworm – Long thin segmented bodies with a closed circulatory system and oxygen carrying pigment – Fluid filled cavity and hydrostatic skeleton – Primitive brain and nervous system – specialised segments responsible for different functions, – thin permeable skin used for gas exchange lugworm earthworm leech

Arthropods have…. – an exoskeleton Made of chitin For support and to protect organs Allows muscle attachment for movement Protection from predators Reduces water loss Cannot grow and so must be shed periodically, leaving the organism unprotected while the new exoskeleton hardens

Arthropods-have – paired jointed legs For walking, swimming, jumping, feeding, reproduction, and sometimes gill ventilation – 3 body regions (head, thorax, abdomen) – fluid-filled body cavity – open circulatory system – well developed brain

Arthropods – examples : insects e.g. locust crustaceans e.g. lobster arachnids e.g. spider myriapods e.g. millipedes and centipedes

Insects Insects are the most successful group of animals on Earth. compound eyes terrestrial insects use tracheae for gas exchange 2 pairs of wings 3 pairs of legs in the adult stage (In the evolution of some insect groups these features may have been secondarily lost, e.g. no wings in fleas and lice.) locust

Crustaceans  2 body sections: cephalothorax and abdomen  2 pairs of Antennae  5 or more pairs of legs lobster

Arachnids 4 pairs of legs No antennae Usually two body sections spider

Myriapods Millipedes and centipedes Terrestrial Centipedes one pair of legs per segment Predators Millipedes 2 pair of legs per segment decomposers

Animals – Vertebrates (Chordates) possessing a vertebral column or backbone well developed brain enclosed in cranium internal skeleton

Vertebrates Divided into 5 phyla (groups) : – Fish – Amphibians – Reptiles – Birds – Mammals

Fish Aquatic Ectotherms Body covered with wet and slimy scales Streamline body for easy movement through water Fins for balance and to control movement Gills for gas exchange External fertilization

Amphibians Ectotherms Moist, scale less skin Limbs present – tetrapods Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for breathing; adults use lungs External fertilization Live on land but need water for part of the life cycle

Reptiles Ectotherms Body covered with dry, hard scales Live on land Breathe with lungs Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs

Birds Endotherms With feathers and wings Beak for feeding Lungs for breathing Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs Scales found on legs

Mammals Endotherms Hairs on skin and sweat glands Females have mammary glands for producing milk Lungs for breathing Double circulation Internal fertilization and gestation