Ali Saffar Shamshirgar Solar Energy Ali Saffar Shamshirgar Denisa Dosenovicova Esin Ören Freddy Kukk Jaanika Raud Robert Võeras

Outline Nature of solar energy Availability on Earth Technical potential Usage worldwide and in Estonia Solar energy technologies Advantages and disadvantages

Nature of Solar Energy The Sun formed about 4,500,000,000 years ago and will burn on for about 5,000,000,000. The Sun's energy source is believed to be the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen within the Sun. In this process radiation is emitted and radiation itself is energy in photon form.

Nature of Solar Energy The Sun radiates all kinds of radiation, especially visible light Everything absorbs at least some amount of light and that is converted into heat. Photovoltaic solar cells use visible light

Solar Energy Potential Sun’s power -> 3.85 × 1026 W Earth receives -> 16.2 × 1016 W Usable Solar exergy -> 16 GW World energy consumption -> 104,426 TWh Exergy is the useful portion of energy that allows us to do work and energy services. It is gathered from energy-carrying substances in the natural world that we call energy sources. While energy is conserved, the exergetic portion can be destroyed when it undergoes an energy conversion. Global Exergy Flux Chart(gcep.stanford.edu)

Solar Energy Resources Solar irradience is the power per unit area produced by the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation

Technical Potential www.landartgenerator.org 1980 (Real Data) (207,368 KM2) 2008 (Real Data) (366,357 KM2) 2030 (Projection) (496,805 KM2) www.landartgenerator.org

Electricity Generation Technical Potential Assumptions and Facts Total Energy Needs (2030) 20% Panels efficiency 70% Sunny days 1000 Watts/m2 678 quadrillion Btu = 198,721,800,000,000 kWh Electricity Generation Required Land 1980 (Real Data) (207,368 KM2) 2008 (Real Data) (366,357 KM2) 2030 (Projection) (496,805 KM2) 400 kWh/m2 496,805 km2 EIA [US Energy Information Administration] 678 quadrillion Btu (the US Energy Information Administration's estimation of global energy consumption by 2030) = 198,721,800,000,000 kilowatt-hours (simple conversion) divided by 400 kilowatt-hours of solar energy production per square meter of land (based on 20% efficiency, 70% sunshine days per year and the fact that 1,000 watts of solar energy strikes each square meter of land on Earth) = 496,805 square kilometers of solar panels (191,817 square miles)

Progress in solar PV markets and installation iea [International Energy Agancy]

Global Cumulative Growth of PV Capacity iea [International Energy Agancy]

Annual growth of solar technologies worldwide

Solar Energy Situation in Estonia Solar energy is mainly used in separated households and in case of small autonomous systems Solar radiation of the surface of Estonia is around 1000 kWh/m2/y Maximum surface area of solar panels can be around 400-500 km2

Solar Energy Technologies Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into either electricity or heat using direct or indirect way. Direct Photovoltaics Indirect Solar thermal collectors Solar architecture (passive solar building design) Hybrid PVT system CPV/CSP system Solar Energy

Direct Photovoltaics Photovoltaics convert light into an electric current via the photovoltaic effect using semiconducting material. Material currently used: Si (expensive), CdTe, CIGS(toxic), conductive polymers (low efficiency) etc. Mechanism of organic solar cell Source: https://cnx.org/contents/3QU3ovtd@1/An-Introduction-to-Solar-Cell-_ PV plant in Greece (13 MW) Source:http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/greece-added-just-13-mw-in-2014-_100018626/

PV system Source: http://www.kewsolar.co.uk/techinfo/panels.aspx https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHVZ6jEf8To Photovoltaic power capacity is measured as maximum power output under standardized test conditions (STC) in Wats peak. The actual power output at a particular point in time may be less than or greater than this standardized value, depending on geographical location, time of day, weather conditions, and other factors.  Solar photovoltaic array capacity factors are typically under 25%, which is currently lower than many other industrial sources of electricity.

Indirect: Solar Thermal Collectors Solar hot water panels, solar parabolic through, solar power tower. These use collectors that capture solar irradiation. Can be used to produce heat or electricity (indirectly). Solar parabolic through Source: http://www.seia.org/policy/solar-technology/concentrating-solar-power https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1-zjbRqYXk Solar power tower, Spain 50MW Source:http://www.thinkglobalgreen.org/spain.html Solar hot water panel Source (http://sustainablewarwick.org/category/renewable-energy/

Indirect: Solar Architecture Windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. Does not involve the use of mechanical or electrical devices The key to design a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate performing an accurate site analysis. Elements to be considered include window placement and size, and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or "retrofitted" Mechanism of passive solar building Source:http://nisekoprojects.com/tapping-free-energy-passive-solar-design/ An example of passive solar building Source:http://nisekoprojects.com/tapping-free-energy-passive-solar-design/

Summary Advantages Disadvantages Endless, FREE!!! resource Environmentally friendly Supply not controlled by electricity company Stable price Once PV panels are set up maintenance costs are low Disadvantages The Sun is not always present Currently expensive to install Biological resource impacts

References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power http://www.energiatalgud.ee/index.php?title=P%C3%A4ikeseenergia _ressurss https://gcep.stanford.edu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/MatthewTsang.shtml

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