Exploring a Century of Cosmic Surprises Jim Lochner (USRA/GSFC) Barb Mattson (Adnet/GSFC) March 7, 2009 Celebration of Teaching and Learning.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
P1.5.4 Red-shift AQA GCSE Science A. There are two main pieces of evidence for the Big Bang: 1.The expansion of the universe 2. Cosmic microwave background.
Advertisements

Olber’s paradox Why isn't the night sky as uniformly bright as the surface of the Sun? If the Universe has infinitely many stars, then it should be uniformly.
1 Approaching the Present Cosmic Times The Universe for Breakfast - Pancake or Oatmeal??  Which describes our Universe best?  1. Pancake:
Origin & Evolution of the Universe
Objectives: 1. relate the cosmological principle to isotropy and homgeneity of the universe. 2. understand how Hubble’s law is used to map the universe,
Thursday, April 8 th Agenda  Finish Section 18.1: The Universe  Origin of the universe, red shift, big bang theory  In-Class Assignments Section 18.1.
Evidence to support the.... But first, what’s a scientific theory? The term “theory” in science has a different meaning than in our everyday language.
The Fate of the Universe. The cosmological principle The simplest universes is: Homogenous – the same everywhere you go Isotropic – the same in all directions.
Newton’s Hypothesis The universe is infinite, static and uniform. Proven to be incorrect by Olber’s Paradox. Olber theorised that if this was correct then.
Objectives Distinguish the different models of the universe.
Inquiring into Dark Energy 1 NSTA - Baltimore 2006 Inquiring into Dark Energy Dr. James Lochner USRA & NASA/GSFC.
The Birth Of Our Universe The Big Bang And Inflation
A Century of Cosmic Surprises Jim Lochner (USRA/GSFC) Barb Mattson (Adnet/GSFC)
By Jaedyn Waggoner. Block C. Mr. Horton. Science 9 THE UNIVERSE.
Cosmic Times Astronomy History and Science for the Classroom Dr. Jim Lochner (USRA/GSFC) Dr. Barb Mattson (Adnet/GSFC) NSTA, Philadelphia, March 21, 2010.
The Big Bang Astrophysics Lesson 18. Learning Objectives To know:-  What is the big bang theory  What is the evidence supporting it including:-  Cosmological.
Cosmology. Some important questions Did the universe have a beginning or has it always existed? Will the universe end? If it ends, what will happen at.
History of the Universe. If the universe was 1 year old...
Chapter 26: Cosmology How big is the universe? How long has it been around and how long will it last?
Absorption lines of a galaxy shift toward the blue end of the spectrum when it moves toward Earth. The lines shift to the red end of the spectrum when.
Origin of the Universe Have you ever heard of a little thing called the “Big Bang?”
The Big Bang! Chapter 2.2. Origin of the Universe Big Bang Big Bang occurred 15 billion years ago occurred 15 billion years ago model for the beginning.
THE BIG BANG THEORY A video on the Big Bang theory click here.
Contemporary science issues Lesson 16: Has the universe always been there? © 2006 Gatsby Technical Education Projects.
We orbit The Sun –which is just one of 100 billion stars that make up our galaxy, The Milky Way But how many galaxies are in the Universe?
Expanding Universe 1)Hubble’s Law 2)Expanding Universe 3)Fate of the Universe November 20, 2002 Final Exam will be held in Ruby Diamond Auditorium NOTE.
Theory on the Formation of the Universe
DARK MATTER & DARK ENERGY Source: Max Ehrhardt Modiefied for Astronomy 101.
Hubble’s Law Our goals for learning What is Hubble’s Law?
Cosmology: The Study of the Universe as a Whole Physics 360 Geol 360 Astronomy John Swez.
Formation of the Universe. Taken from the Hubble Space Telescope
Midterm exam: date: March 17, 2006, 8:15 a.m. date: March 17, 2006, 8:15 a.m. location: Conrad Naber Hall location: Conrad Naber Hall bring pocket calculator.
Professor Martin Hendry University of Glasgow.
The Birth of the Universe. Hubble Expansion and the Big Bang The fact that more distant galaxies are moving away from us more rapidly indicates that the.
The Big Bang Theory: Origin & Evolution of the Universe.
Hubble’s Observations - Edwin Hubble, in the late 1920's, discovered that all galaxies are moving away from each other as he observed the red shift in.
A Century of Cosmic Surprises Jim Lochner (USRA/GSFC) Barb Mattson (Adnet/GSFC)
The theory of the universe. Expanding of our universe In the 1920s, astronomers had the technology to see more Celestial bodies with advance telescope.
THEORIES OF UNIVERSE FORMATION. Studying Space Cosmology – the study of the origin, structure, and future of the universe Astronomers study planets, stars,
The Expanding Universe. The Hubble Law The Hubble constant H o is one of the most important numbers in cosmology because it may be used to estimate the.
An Introduction to Cosmic Times: Astronomy History and Science for the Classroom Jim Lochner (USRA/GSFC) Barb Mattson (Adnet/GSFC) March 21, 2009 NSTA/New.
Prof Martin Hendry University of Glasgow. A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away…
Cosmic Times: Astronomy History & Science for the Classroom 1 Jim Lochner (USRA/GSFC) Barb Mattson (Adnet/GSFC)
The Expanding Universe
1 Cosmology HNRT 227 Chapter October 2015 Great Idea: The universe began billions of years ago in the big bang and it has been expanding ever since.
Extra! Extra! Read All About the Universe! Jim Lochner (USRA/GSFC) Barb Mattson (Adnet/GSFC) NSTA/Baltimore November 12,
The Fate of the Universe. The fate depends on the rate of expansion and the density Density greater than critical value – gravity will halt expansion.
Key Areas covered Evidence for the expanding Universe We can estimate the mass of a galaxy by the orbital speed of stars within it Evidence for dark matter.
s/redshift.
The Birth of the Universe. Hubble Expansion and the Big Bang The fact that more distant galaxies have higher redshifts indicates that the universe is.
The Origin of the Universe Chapter 20.3 Notes. What is the Universe? The universe consists of all space, matter, and energy that exists—now, in the past,
Milky Way Galaxy. Galaxy A group of stars, dust and gases held together by gravity. 170 billion galaxies in the universe 200 billion stars in a galaxy.
Astronomy: Big Bang EQ: How did the universe begin? ** Copy all pink and yellow words. p. 89.
Option D. 3. Universe was born around 13.8 billion years ago in process called Big Bang In the beginning, all matter & energy in the entire universe was.
Cosmology. Olbers’s Paradox The Universe may be infinite – if it is, why is the night sky dark?
Extra! Extra! Read All About the Universe! Barb Mattson (Adnet/GSFC) Jim Lochner (USRA/GSFC) COTL March 6,
Astronomy Technology.
Universe.
Astronomy-Part 2 Notes Origins of the Universe
Ch. 14 Cosmology (or “The Whole Enchilada”)
Astronomy-Part 2 Notes Origins of the Universe
The Big Bang.
Cosmology Chapter 15 Great Idea:
Contemporary science issues
Cosmology The study of the structure and evolution of the Universe as a whole. Seeks to answer questions such as: How big is the Universe? What shape is.
Formation of the Universe
Section 5 – pg 622 The Expanding Universe
Absorption lines of a galaxy shift toward the blue end of the spectrum when it moves toward Earth. The lines shift to the red end of the spectrum when.
What observed feature of the universe motivated scientists to propose the “Big Bang” theory? There is lots of debris in space, as would be expected from.
Presentation transcript:

Exploring a Century of Cosmic Surprises Jim Lochner (USRA/GSFC) Barb Mattson (Adnet/GSFC) March 7, 2009 Celebration of Teaching and Learning

The year is 1919… What’s going on? What’s going on in science? What is your view of the Universe? ❉ Unchanging/static ❉ Infinite ❉ Ageless

Enter Einstein What is Gravity? Gravity is curved space-time. ❊ Gravity bends light. ❊ Amount of deflection differs from Newton’s prediction Solar Eclipse verified Einstein’s prediction

Cosmic Times Curriculum support materials that trace our changing understanding of the expanding Universe over the past century Includes: 6 posters resembling newspaper front pages 2 newsletter versions for each poster, one at a differentiated reading level 4-5 lesson plans for each poster exploring fundamental science, social context, and reading skills You will receive a DVD containing all of these materials at the end of this workshop

Unchanging Universe? Einstein’s theory of gravity implies universe is not static - it’s expanding or contracting. Einstein was troubled by a non-static Universe. Cosmological Constant keeps the Universe static.

Skip ahead to 1929… Hubble discovered that “spiral nebulae” are “island universes” Hubble went on to study external galaxies.

Let’s Take the Role of Hubble Edwin Hubble measured the distance and redshift of many galaxies. ( Much of the work done by Humason.) “Tedium & solitude are the inseparable companions of scholarship.” You and your students can replicate their work with our “Determining the Universe” lesson.

Determining Distance from a Picture What information do we need to determine the distance to the galaxy in this picture? ❊ Size of the galaxy ❊ Magnification of the image, or the size of the area of the photograph ❊ A bit of trig…or the Rule of 57

Determining Distance from a Picture Size of the galaxy? ❊ Assume it is the same as our Milky Way 100,000 light years

Determining Distance from a Picture Area of the photograph? Images from telescope w/standard optics ❊ 0.9 degrees wide ❊ 0.7 degrees high 0.9 degrees 0.7 degrees Images taken by Harvard-Smithsonian’s MicroObservatory

Determining Distance from a Picture Rule of 57 – connecting size and distance ❊ An object that takes up 1 degree of a field of view is 57 times further away than it is big

Determining Distance from a Picture Putting it all together ❊ Galaxy’s Angular size ❊ Now, find the distance 16.5 cm (0.9 degrees) 6.5 cm Your turn! Here are a couple of tips keep the distances in terms of 10 6 light years please do **all** of your galaxies – we’ll need them later

Redshift Next, find the redshift for each of your galaxies on the provided “information cards”. In class w/Internet connection, could have students look up redshifts on the NASA Extragalactic Database. (

Put it all together… We’re going to make a plot of distance versus redshift. Off to Excel-land…

Hubble’s Law All galaxies are receding away. The further a galaxy, the faster it appears to be moving. Expanding Universe

Hubble’s Law All galaxies are receding away. The further a galaxy, the faster it appears to be moving. Expanding Universe

Now it is 1955… Scientists debate: Is Universe … ❊ ageless and infinite? ❊ finite, with hot “bang” beginning? Both theories account for observations. Deadlock!

Breaking the Stalemate A hot “bang” should leave left-over heat. That heat should still be around. Where to look in the EM spectrum? Many looked. Some concluded it would be too faint to detect.

In 1965, Enter Dumb Luck * Penzias and Wilson were making radio observations of the Milky Way. Effort to reduce noise in the detector left them with a mysterious 3 K residual. Peebles and Dicke (Princeton) had just calculated an estimate for the temperature of the residual background in the microwave region. * Not to imply that the researchers were dumb – quite the opposite, in fact!

In 1965, Enter Dumb Luck The CMB was a predicted by Big Bang Theory while Steady State theory has no such prediction. The signal peaks in the microwave, so is called the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, or CMB for short.

Let’s Explore the CMB Turn the balloon to the side that looks like this image. The “dots” represent galaxies. The “wave” represents the wavelength of light emitted in the Big Bang.

Characteristics of the CMB? We’ve seen that the CMB is ❊ isotropic – observed in all directions ❊ smooth – similar in all directions What does our Universe look like today? ❊ Lumpy/structured, not smooth! ❊ Problem!! We need *some* lumpiness – some “anisotropies”

Jump Ahead to 1993… NASA’s COBE mission finds “lumps” found in the CMB! These “lumps” are tiny, consisting of changes on the order of 1 part in But they are enough to produce the structure we see.

Explore CMB Anisotropy Go back to your balloon, turn it to the other side. Imagine that gray is one temperature, pink (or balloon color) another temperature. Region 1 Region 2

Cosmology’s End? By the mid-90s, cosmologists thought that they had only to “fill in the details”. Remaining questions: ❊ Will the expansion continue forever, or will Universe eventually collapse back on itself? ❊ What is the mass-density of the Universe (which would answer the above)?

Cosmology’s End? Things may not be what they seem. When we see odd behavior, we look more carefully at what’s going on.

Not the End In 1997 … Recall, we were looking to “fill in the details” of the Universe’s expansion. Given that gravity is the longest- reaching force according to physics, the expansion of the Universe should be slowing down…

Slowing Expansion? These supernovae are more distant than expected. Space-time has expanded more than expected. Velocity Distance (via SN Ia) More distant galaxies recede from us more rapidly.

Expansion History of the Universe

By 2006… Dark energy is well- established, having been detected in many ways. Still, the nature of DE is largely a mystery. Stay tuned to this continuing science story…

The year is 2009… What’s going on? What’s going on in science? What is your view of the Universe? ❉ Changing ❉ Finite ❉ 13.7 Billion Years Old

Cosmic Times Posters, Newsletters, Teacher Guide, Lessons