MS Studies Chapter 3 The Road To Statehood Native Americans Europeans Territory State

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS2 Early Native American Periods Paleo (10,000 B.C. – 8,000 B.C.) – existed during Ice Age –Natives crossed Land Bridge between Russia & Alaska following food Archaic (8,000 B.C. – 500 B.C.) –Climate warmed. Large animals died –Natives became less nomadic, hunted smaller game Woodland – (500 B.C. – 1,000 A.D.) –Highly organized societies –Were Moundbuilders. Mounds were built over tombs –Were farmers, depended less on hunting. –Settled along rivers and streams –Settlements were very large Mississippian (1,000 A.D. – 1,600 A.D.) –Built Mounds for burial, homes for leaders, and religious reasons –Emerald Mound (Natchez, MS) is the largest mound in Mississippi –Settlements were near rivers and streams

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS3 Paleo Period

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS4 Archaic

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS5 Woodland

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS6 Native American Societies Large tribes were Choctaw, Chickasaw, & Natchez Many smaller tribes existed (Choula, Pascagoula, Tunica, Biloxi, etc.) Most tribes were similar Each village governed itself, but had representatives on a tribal council There were several Clans in each village –Individuals had to marry outside their clan. Children were members of their mothers clan. Polygamy (multiple wives) was sometimes practiced. Wives were usually sisters

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS7 Choctaw Village

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS8 Native American Societies (Cont.) Males –Hunted, cleared land, warriors Females –Planted, made pottery, gathered food, tanned hides Polytheistic (many gods) Most gods centered around the sun or earth in some way Choctaw played ishtohbohl (stick ball) which was similar to Lacrosse Choctaw also played Chunky (threw spears at a rolling stone) Natchez were more like the Mississippian period Indians –Leader was the “Great Sun” –When he died some of his wives were killed as well

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS9 Ishtohbohl

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS10 Chunky

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS11 Spanish Arrive Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto explored Southeastern MS between 1539 – Had 600 soldiers Looking for Gold & Silver Gained supplies & slaves by holding Native American chiefs hostage Faced many Native American attacks Crossed MS River in May 1542 De Soto died in 1542 His men floated down the MS River to the Gulf and were pursued by Natives the entire trip. Spanish didn’t return, but their trip was devastating. –This expedition introduced European diseases to North American Natives. –It is estimated that at least 50% of Natives in North America died from disease during this time period.

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Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS13 De Soto in MS

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS14 French French settled Canada in Marquette & Joliet explored MS River 1682 Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle & Henri de Tonti sailed down MS River to the Gulf & claim the MS River Valley for France. Named this new land Louisiana (King Louis & Queen Anna)

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS15 LaSalle

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS16 European Settlements in North America Spanish – Florida, Mexico, Caribbean & Central America British – East coast of present day U.S. French – Canada All three were rivals and fighting to secure lands & Native support

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Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS18 French Settlement French wanted to control interior of U.S Sieur d’Iberville is sent to Gulf Coast to create colony Landed at Ship Island and reached mainland on Feb. 13, Built Fort Maurepas in present day OceanSprings Fort Maurepas was the first European settlement in MS. Fort Maurepas is later abandoned for a new settlement at New Orleans in 1718

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS19 IbervilleBienville

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Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS21 Fort Maurepas

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS22 French Settlement (Cont.) Bienville constructed Fort Rosalie at Natchez in 1716 to protect French settlers 1729 Natchez governor demanded the Natchez Indians give up some land. The Natchez Indians revolted They attacked the fort, killed 200 white settlers, and freed 300 black slaves French & Choctaws destroyed the Natchez Indians. Remaining Natchez Indians fled to live with the Chickasaw.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS23 Fort Rosalie

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS24 Native Americans & Europeans French won the allegiance of the Choctaw British won allegiance of Chickasaw, Natchez, & Creek French & Indian War ( ) was fought between France & Great Britain in the present day U.S. French lost the war and the Treaty of Paris 1763 was signed. French gave up all lands east of the MS River to Great Britain. After Treaty of Paris MS became part of West Florida

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Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS26 British West Florida

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS27 British MS After Treaty of Paris MS became part of West Florida British encouraged settlement in Natchez British settlers populated the area 1776 American Revolution began Natchez & other portions of West Florida were captured by the Spanish in Sept Treaty of Paris 1783 ended Amer. Rev. Spanish still controlled Natchez, but U.S. owned it.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS28 Natchez MS Fertile land allowed tobacco, indigo, and cotton to grow well By 1800 cotton was the largest export of Natchez America and Spain quarreled over access to the MS River (N.O. was owned by Spain) 1795 Pinckney’s Treaty was signed saying the U.S. could use the port of New Orleans and Spain would give up control of Natchez

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS29 MS Territory MS became a territory of the U.S. in 1798 Mostly Native American and forested Natchez Trace was only major road. It connected the MS Territory capital of Natchez to Nashville, TN. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the Territorial Government in MS –Pop. Reaches 5,000 free men an assembly is created to make laws –Pop. Reaches 60,000 free men the territory creates a constitution and petitions for statehood Winthrop Sargent was first territory governor.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS30

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS31 Natchez Trace

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS32 Winthrop Sargent

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS33 Land Problems Most MS land was owned by Choctaw & Chickasaw. U.S. pressured them to give up land claims Land Ordinance of 1785 divided government land into townships. –16 th section land was set aside for public education

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS34

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS35 Territory Grows West Mississippians (Natchez) were rich plantation owners and controlled politics. East Mississippians (Alabama) were small farmers and wanted power. Population grew and the territory was ready for statehood

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Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS37 MS Territory

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS38 Statehood MS Territory was large. Congress divided it in Alabama became a new territory (state in 1819) MS wrote a constitution for statehood Dec. 10, 1817, Congress approved MS as the 20 th state in the Union David Holmes became first state governor.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS39 State of MS

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS40 David Holmes

MS Studies Ch. 4 Politics, Slavery, and Antebellum Society

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS42 MS Capital 1798 Natchez was Territorial Capital 1802 the Capital was moved to Washington In 1821 planners selected LeFleur’s Bluff on the Pearl River as a central location The capital was named Jackson and the legislature first met there in Dec. 1822

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS43 Natchez, MS

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS44

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS45 Early MS Politics Mississippi political views changed by Mississippians were Democrats & championed the Common Man County Govn’t met needs of people –“Board of Police” governed Levied taxes Oversaw roads & construction Oversaw poor, education, businesses

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Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS47 Native American Lands Native Americans occupied most land in MS U.S. Govn’t tried to allow Natives to assimilate, but many natives did not want to. Some tribes united: –Tecumseh united some, but Pushmataha prevented the Choctaw from joining Whites wanted Natives moved west of the MS River to free up land.

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Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS49 Native American Treaties Treaties were signed to acquire Native lands Treaty of Fort Adams. 1 st treaty between U.S. & Choctaw 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. Choctaw ceded all remaining land to U.S. & moved to Oklahoma Treaty of Pontotoc Creek. Chickasaw ceded their land to U.S. in land swap deal. Natives traveled along the “Trail of Tears” to Oklahoma. Many died along the way.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS50 Dancing Rabbit Creek

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS51 Pontotoc Creek

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS52 Slavery Slaves arrived in MS with French in early 1700’s 1724 Bienville creates “Black Code” or laws to govern slaves –Many of the codes were prohibitive, but many protected slaves –Slavery was not as cruel during this time. Slave population grew under British, Spanish, & U.S. rule

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS53 Cotton Cotton production increased in MS 1793 Eli Whitney creates cotton gin. –Cotton gin separates seeds from cotton 1795 cotton gin is created in MS by a slave named Barclay Cotton was called “King Cotton” b/c it was the primary cash crop of the South Cotton was perfect for MS. Good soil, long growing season, navigable rivers to ship goods. Rush Nutt creates “Petit Gulf” cotton which is the strain (type) that grows best here. Most cotton was grown on large farms called plantations.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS54

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS55 Slaves & Labor By 1860 only 9% of MS pop. owned slaves –½ of those owned 5 or less slaves Most slaves lived on plantations w/ large slave populations Slaves performed many tasks, but mainly cotton production Overseers usually controlled slaves Work day was sunrise to sunset (or later) Slaves could be whipped, but owners usually tried using rewards as opposed to punishment Slaves lived in simple homes with little luxury.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS56 Slaveship

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Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS58 Slave ship

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS59 Slaves picking cotton 1830’s

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS60 Slave Community Slave laws tightened in the 1800’s –Property not people. Families could be separated at any time. –Needed a pass to leave plantation –Could not learn to read & write, gather, testify in court, strike a white, Strong family ties were forged among slaves Slaves adopted Christianity & adapted it. –Attended church w/ owners, but also worshipped on their own.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS61 Slave Community

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS62 Slave Resistance MS never had a slave revolt Most resistance was quiet –Slow work, poisoning, machinery broken, fires started, etc. Slaves did runaway & were punished upon return. Owners were paranoid about revolts and sometimes punished slaves for planning revolts.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS63 Natchez ad for a lost runaway

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS64 Natchez ad for a lost runaway

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS65 Free Blacks MS had free blacks. William Johnson, Barber of Natchez, was the most famous. (freed at age 11) Owned 16 slaves Murdered by Baylor Winn over land dispute. Mississippi law allowed for blacks to testify against whites in civil cases, but not in criminal cases.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS66 Barber of Natchez

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS67 Antebellum MS Antebellum – time period in the South just before the Civil War MS pop. grew b/c of cheap land and high cotton prices MS economy was booming State Banks issued more paper money and loans than the amount of specie (hard currency) that they had. This led to disaster.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS68 Panic of 1837 Specie Circular Act of 1836 said govn’t land could only be purchased with specie. Banks ran out of Specie and were forced to close This caused Panic of 1837 (led to U.S. depression from ) In MS federal govn’t foreclosed on lands, banks closed, cotton prices plummeted, Property owners lost lands to the state for not paying taxes. Took MS’s economy years to recover.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS69 Whig campaign poster of the hard times of 1837

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS70 Transportation in MS No paved roads until 1900’s. Roads travel was slow and poor Steamboats carried cotton up and down MS Rivers (most went to New Orleans) By mid 1800’s Railroads in MS began expanding and improved land travel –Main (trunk) lines were laid connecting Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian –Later smaller lines joined these major lines and RR travel & trade improved.

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS71 Education By 1836 Counties were funding schools School year was short (3 months) and operated around harvesting of crops By 1860 less than 1/3 of white children went to school Basics were taught Higher Ed. was available through religious & private schools There were no schools for blacks before the Civil War

Jefferson College Named for Thomas Jefferson Established in Washington in 1802 first students arrived in Jefferson Davis studied here. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS72

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS73

Mississippi College Established in Clinton in 1826 Became a Baptist college in 1850 The first coeducational college in the U.S. to grant a degree to a woman. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS74

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University of Mississippi First public college in Mississippi Established in 1840 – students arrived in Closed during the Civil War because most students and faculty enlisted in the Confederate army. Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS76

Chp 3 & 4 Antebellum MS77