APA DOCUMENTATION Simplified Version

What should you document?  A direct quotation (exact words from the source)  A copied item (statistics, tables)  A paraphrase (the source put into your own words)  A summary of ideas from a source  A way of organizing information

Document everything!  Anything that you did not know before you read a source should be documented as belonging to that source.  You may not use anything produced by another person or organization without documentation.

Typical Sources  Books  Newspapers  Audio/visual – films, CDs, broadcasts, podcasts, TV shows  Scholarly and Professional Journals  Articles on Websites  Primary research data (a survey you did yourself)  Interviews and s

Electronic Sources  This presentation focuses on how to document sources from the World Wide Web (the Internet)  Your instructor will help you document sources from other media.

Terminology  Cite – verb: to mention something usually as support for your statement  Citation – noun: the actual mentioning with a signal phrase and/or details of the source

 In-text citation –mentioning the source in the writing – as part of the sentence or at the end of the sentence  End-of-text citation – giving full details of the source at the end of the essay on a special page titled References

 Signal phrase – a special phrasing that lets your reader know that something from a source is coming—that it’s not your idea or fact.  Quotation – don’t confuse the words quotation and citation

To document...  Document in our discussion is a verb.  To document means to tell your reader that you have used a source, and to give all the details about that source.  WHO, WHEN, WHERE

WHO, WHEN, WHERE  APA style Who is the author of the source? When was the source published? Where in the source can the quotation or paraphrase be found?

WHO?  Who is the author of the article Al-Ajmi writes that “today more than 50 percent...” “Today more than 50 percent...” (Al- Ajmi)

Names  In academic writing, use only family names in in-text citations. Al-Ajmi writes that...  For western names, the very last name is the family name Ann Raimes = Raimes writes that...

No author  If there is no author, use the title of the article The article New Dangers in Plastics states that “less than 5 percent of all plastics biodegrade sufficiently” “Less than 5 percent of all plastics biodegrade sufficiently” (“New Dangers...” And...

Note: “Less than 5 percent of all plastics biodegrade sufficiently” (“New Dangers...” When the title is used in parentheses, use a shortened form –first 2 or 3 words and enclose it in quotation marks.

WHEN?  When was the source published (made public)? What is the date? Al-Ajmi writes that “today more than 80 percent of all plastics are not recycled” (2009). “Today more than 80 percent of all plastics are not recycled” (Al-Ajmi, 2009).

No date  Use n.d. (n = no, d = date)  The article New Dangers in Plastics states that “less than 5 percent of all plastics biodegrade sufficiently” (n.d.).  “Less than 5 percent of all plastics biodegrade sufficiently” (“New Dangers...”, n.d.).

WHERE  Where is the place in the source that the information can be found. It is easy if the source is a book or anything printed on paper because there is always a page number: p.5 or pps. 20 – 21 What about a webpage?

No page number  When there is no page number, use whatever is reasonable to show where the information can be found.  Count paragraphs from the beginning of the article and use para. # If you print the source page from the Internet, source, do not use the page numbers made by your printer.

According to an online article, the use of cell phones and has increased the chances for Middle Eastern youth to meet each other outside family control (Mid-East Youth, n.d., para. 4). This means the information is in the fourth paragraph from the beginning.

IN-TEXT AND END-OF-TEXT  APA documents each source with an in-text and an end-of-text citation. In-text means in the writing End-of-text means at the very end of the essay on a special page called References

IN-TEXT CITATIONS  In-text citations are in the writing As part of the sentence (signal phrase) At the end of the sentence in parentheses First look at an in-text signal phrase

 El-Haddad (2003) writes that “Gulf societies have been undergoing radical changes since the end of the 1970s” (p. 2).  El-Haddad is the author’s name.  2003 is the date of publication  El-Haddad writes... is an in-text citation and also a signal phrase Now look at the citation without a signal phrase

 “Gulf societies have been undergoing radical changes since the end of the 1970s” (El-Haddad, 2003, p. 2). Notice the date and page number in the parentheses.

 Most often, put the citation before the paraphrase or quotation  Fortuna (2006) suggests  According to an online article This tells your reader that something from a source is coming. The reader knows your own ideas have started again after the parenthetical citation. The next slide shows this.

According to an online article, the use of cell phones and has increased the chances for Middle Eastern youth to meet each other outside family control (“Mid-East Youth,” n.d., para. 4). This seems to be true as several students at this college have had this experience. The bold part is the student’s writing. Look at some other ways to do this.

According to an online article, the use of cell phones and has increased the chances for Middle Eastern youth to meet each other outside family control (“Mid-East Youth,” n.d., para. 4). This seems to be true as.. According to Mid-East Youth, the use of cell phones and has increased the chances for Middle Eastern youth to meet each other outside family control (n.d., para. 4). This seems to be true as.. According to Mid-East Youth (undated), the use of cell phones and has increased the chances for Middle Eastern youth to meet each other outside family control (para. 4). This seems to be true as..

END-OF-TEXT CITATIONS  In formal academic essays, end-of- text citations (also called References) go on a separate page and list all sources used in the essay in alphabetical order.  The page has a special title: References.

End-of-text Start a new page. Write References at the top, centered. Write the sources in alphabetical order. The alphabetical order includes author’s family names and titles of articles (because there is no author) but all in alphabetical order.

Alphabetical order example  Effects of Global Warming. (n.d.) Retrieved Oct. 31, 2009 from:  Global Warming. (2009). Retrieved Oct. 31, 2009 from: warming/index.html# warming/index.html#  Thompson, D. (2009). SuperFreakonomics Authors Take Heat on Global Warming. Retrieved Oct. 31, 2009 from: cs_authors_take_heat_on_global_warming.php cs_authors_take_heat_on_global_warming.php

The end-of-text citation  Effects of Global Warming. (n.d.). Retrieved Oct. 31, 2009 from: ki/Effects_of_global_warmi ng ki/Effects_of_global_warmi ng  Notice the punctuation.

 Global Warming. (2009). Retrieved Oct. 31, 2009 from: ws/science/topics/globalwarming/ index.html# ws/science/topics/globalwarming/ index.html#

 Thompson, D. (2009). SuperFreakonomics Authors Take Heat on Global Warming. Retrieved Oct. 31, 2009 from: 009/10/superfreakonomics_autho rs_take_heat_on_global_warming.php 009/10/superfreakonomics_autho rs_take_heat_on_global_warming.php

 Use the complete address of the page where you found the information. 9/10/superfreakonomics_authors_ta ke_heat_on_global_warming.php 9/10/superfreakonomics_authors_ta ke_heat_on_global_warming.php NOT

You can do this!