LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN (H UMAN ) C OMMUNICATION & L ANGUAGE
Table of Content In this section you will learn about: Communication: Jakobson’s model Nonverbal communication Language Objectives: Understand the intricacies of nonverbal communication. Learn a bit of terminology needed to speak of the world’s languages.
DEFINITION JAKOBSON’S COMMUNICATION PROCESS Communication
Communication is a behaviour, or the _______________________, that affects the behaviour of others. When a living organism (or machine) communicates it sends messages about itself or its environment. The message is placed into a code. Humans have a highly elaborate code called language.
Communication What is communication? 1 a the process or act of communicating; b the exchanging or imparting of ideas and information, etc. 2 a piece of information, a letter or a message. 3 social contact. 4 (communications) the various electronic processes by which information is conveyed from one person or place to another, especially by means of wires, cables or radio waves. 5 (communications) the science and activity of transmitting information, etc.
Communication Who? Sender To whom? Receiver What? Thoughts, posture, opinions or information How? Verbal (language) or nonverbal communication
Communication Process (Jakobson)
Communication The communication process of __________and _________will depend on a number of factors:
SOME TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: KINESICS PROXEMICS Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is the act of imparting or interchanging thoughts, posture, opinions or _____________ without the use of words, using
Nonverbal Communication ___ Spoken word: ___ ___ Body posture, gestures, facial expressions: ___ ___ Voice tone and inflection: ___
Nonverbal & Cultural Misunderstanding VIDEO: Body Language: An International View (2006) Pointing: fingers, eyes, chin or head... even lips (Shoshone Indians)! Miscommunication:
Types of Nonverbal Communication Kinesics: involves ________ or ____ movement: Proxemics: how people perceive and use _______.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN: Language, languages & Speech LANGUAGES DIALECTS Languages
Language language 1 any formalized system of communication, especially one that uses sounds or written symbols which the majority of a particular community will readily understand. 2 the speech and writing of a particular nation or social group. 3 the faculty of speech.
Language, Language and Speech FRENCHENGLISH “Language”Language/ability The innate ability to learn and produce language/code. Natural, universal and innate ability (amongst humans). “Langue”Language/code A code or system, used by consensus. Ex: different languages (French, English, Spanish, Greek, etc.). Collective (used within a language group, speakers of the language) “Parole”Speech The individual act of speaking (Concrete use of the language/code). Ex: “Please stop the bus!” Individual.
The world’s Languages Geographic distribution of the world’s languages Living Languages Percentage Americas 1,013 15% Africa 2,058 30% Europe 230 3% Asia 2,197 32% The Pacific 1,311 19% TOTAL 6,809 (Source: Ethnologue (1996),
Languages Across the World Top 10 languages by first language population: 1) Chinese (Mandarin) ( L2 speakers) 2) Spanish ( L2 speakers) 3) English ( L2 speakers) 4) Hindi ) Portuguese ) Bengali ) Russian ( L2 speakers) 8) Japanese ) German (...) 17) French ( L2 speakers) Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: chapter 8 (O’Grady, 2009; p. 289)
Galaxy of Languages (Calvet, 1999)
Gravitational Model (Calvet, 1999) GRAVITATIONAL MODEL:
Dialect: A _________or ______variety of a language characterized by it’s own phonological, syntactic, or lexical properties. We will use the term « _______ » in this class instead of speaking of dialects. Dialects
Pidgin Pidgin: A __________that emerges when speakers of a ______language are brought together in a stable situation requiring __________________ ____________________; it has ___________________and generally is considered to have a _______________ ______________________.
Creole Creole : A variety that arises as the __________ ____of the children of members of a ________ speech community.