LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN (H UMAN ) C OMMUNICATION & L ANGUAGE.

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LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN (H UMAN ) C OMMUNICATION & L ANGUAGE

Table of Content In this section you will learn about: Communication:  Jakobson’s model  Nonverbal communication  Language Objectives: Understand the intricacies of nonverbal communication. Learn a bit of terminology needed to speak of the world’s languages.

 DEFINITION  JAKOBSON’S COMMUNICATION PROCESS Communication

Communication is a behaviour, or the _______________________, that affects the behaviour of others. When a living organism (or machine) communicates it sends messages about itself or its environment. The message is placed into a code.   Humans have a highly elaborate code called language.

Communication What is communication?  1 a the process or act of communicating; b the exchanging or imparting of ideas and information, etc.  2 a piece of information, a letter or a message.  3 social contact.  4 (communications) the various electronic processes by which information is conveyed from one person or place to another, especially by means of wires, cables or radio waves.  5 (communications) the science and activity of transmitting information, etc.

Communication Who?  Sender To whom?  Receiver What?  Thoughts, posture, opinions or information How?  Verbal (language) or nonverbal communication

Communication Process (Jakobson)

Communication The communication process of __________and _________will depend on a number of factors: 

SOME TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: KINESICS PROXEMICS Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal communication is the act of imparting or interchanging thoughts, posture, opinions or _____________ without the use of words, using 

Nonverbal Communication ___ Spoken word: ___ ___ Body posture, gestures, facial expressions: ___ ___ Voice tone and inflection: ___

Nonverbal & Cultural Misunderstanding VIDEO: Body Language: An International View (2006) Pointing: fingers, eyes, chin or head... even lips (Shoshone Indians)! Miscommunication:

Types of Nonverbal Communication Kinesics: involves ________ or ____ movement:  Proxemics: how people perceive and use _______. 

 DISTINCTION BETWEEN:  Language, languages & Speech  LANGUAGES  DIALECTS Languages

Language language  1 any formalized system of communication, especially one that uses sounds or written symbols which the majority of a particular community will readily understand.  2 the speech and writing of a particular nation or social group.  3 the faculty of speech.

Language, Language and Speech FRENCHENGLISH “Language”Language/ability The innate ability to learn and produce language/code. Natural, universal and innate ability (amongst humans). “Langue”Language/code A code or system, used by consensus. Ex: different languages (French, English, Spanish, Greek, etc.). Collective (used within a language group, speakers of the language) “Parole”Speech The individual act of speaking (Concrete use of the language/code). Ex: “Please stop the bus!” Individual.

The world’s Languages Geographic distribution of the world’s languages Living Languages Percentage Americas 1,013 15% Africa 2,058 30% Europe 230 3% Asia 2,197 32% The Pacific 1,311 19% TOTAL 6,809 (Source: Ethnologue (1996),

Languages Across the World Top 10 languages by first language population: 1) Chinese (Mandarin) ( L2 speakers) 2) Spanish ( L2 speakers) 3) English ( L2 speakers) 4) Hindi ) Portuguese ) Bengali ) Russian ( L2 speakers) 8) Japanese ) German (...) 17) French ( L2 speakers) Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: chapter 8 (O’Grady, 2009; p. 289)

Galaxy of Languages (Calvet, 1999)

Gravitational Model (Calvet, 1999) GRAVITATIONAL MODEL:

Dialect:  A _________or ______variety of a language characterized by it’s own phonological, syntactic, or lexical properties.  We will use the term « _______ » in this class instead of speaking of dialects. Dialects

Pidgin Pidgin: A __________that emerges when speakers of a ______language are brought together in a stable situation requiring __________________ ____________________; it has ___________________and generally is considered to have a _______________ ______________________.

Creole Creole : A variety that arises as the __________ ____of the children of members of a ________ speech community.