GUIDE TO REFERENCING IN ANTHROPOLOGY

Plagiarism is completely unacceptable especially if you are a student or an academic, it destroys all credibility: Don’t go there! DANGER NGOZI

Plagiarize: to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own : use (a created production) without crediting the source : to commit literary theft : present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. (from Webster’s Dictionary)

This means that you cannot copy anything out of a book, newspaper, journal or any other printed source. It also means that you cannot copy anything off a website. You cannot even change the words but make the same point or use the same idea.

This does not mean that you cannot use the words and ideas of other people in your work. You most certainly can - in fact as a student you are required to - but you have to give credit to the people whose words and ideas you are using.

Referencing You do this by Referencing. Referencing has two parts: 1. Citation in the text: Every single time you use the words or ideas of somebody else, even if this is an anonymous person on the internet you give their name (or write ‘Anon’ and the date of publication (or ‘n.d.’ if the date is unknown). 2. Referencing at the end of the document: Every book, article, website or other source whatsoever that you have cited in the text must be listed in the References or if you include your broader readings that you have not necessarily cited, the Bibliography. What is a text???

Articles from academic journals, newspapers, popular magazines etc Information on websites A text is a written document. It includes: Your practical exercises, tutorials, dvd reviews, essays, tests and exams Books

Referencing Referencing has two parts: 1. Citation in the text: Every single time you use the words of ideas of somebody else, even if this is an anonymous person on the internet you give their name (or write ‘Anon’ and the date of publication (or ‘n.d.’ if the date is unknown). Citation involves only three things: the authors surname the date of publication the number of the page on which the information was found

Referencing includes not only the name of the author and date of publication, but also: The form of publication: book / article / website, etc The name of the publisher The place of publication Page numbers in the case of journal articles and chapters in edited volumes. 2. Referencing at the end of the document: Every book, article, website or other source whatsoever that you have cited in the text must be listed in the References or if you include your broader readings that you have not necessarily cited, the Bibliography.

For example, in following sentence: “Clan members tend to be widely scattered and are often to be found living in more than one tribal area (Mzolo, 1978:207). “ This author has read about residence patterns of Nguni clans in Mzolo’s work and so cites him. At the end of his or her written text, the author will include a bibliography which will list – alphabetically - all the books and other sources used. Authors and other sources cited in the text are referenced according to the following format: Mzolo, D Zulu Clan Praises. In John Argyle and Eleanor Preston-Whyte (eds). Social System and Tradition in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. REFERENCECITATION

Referencing a book Mithen, S. 2005The singing Neanderthals. London: Phoenix.

Referencing a chapter from an edited volume Hays, T.E. 1994‘From Ethnographer to Comparativist and Back Again’ in Ember, M et al (Eds), Research Frontiers: Ethnographic Originals. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Britton, H. 2006‘Organising against Gender Violence in South Africa’ in Journal of Southern African Studies 32(1): Referencing a journal article NB: When referencing a journal article include the page numbers

Referencing a website BBC News 2005‘No 10: Blunkett should keep job’ (online). Available from [Accessed 25 April 2007] What date did you access the information?

Denham, Woodrow W. 1974‘Population structure, infant transport, and infanticide among Pleistocene and Modern Hunter-Gatherers’ in Journal of Anthropological Research Vol 30. How to use the words and ideas of others in your text: The above is an extract from an article that appeared on page 191 of a 1974 edition of the Journal of Anthropological Research (see reference below).

The first way that you can use Denham’s information is by paraphrasing it. 1. Acknowledge Denham directly in the text: According to Denham (1974:191) the importance of infanticide as a means of increasing spacing between children among Pleistocene hunter-gatherers has been overestimated. Two ways of paraphrasing:

Second way of paraphrasing: 2. Acknowledge Denham in the citation but not the text: Infanticide might not have played as important a role in child-spacing as was previously thought (Denham, 1974:191). Second way of paraphrasing:

The second way of using Denham’s information is by quoting it directly: If it is a short quote – less than 3 lines, make sure that you enclose it in quotation marks and include it in the body of your text as part of your paragraph: According to Denham (1974:191), “[i]nfanticide has received a great deal of attention from anthropologists wherever it has been detected”. He goes on to point out that…

If the quote is longer than 3 lines, set it apart from your paragraph and indent it (in this case you do not need to use quotation marks): Denham (1974:191) makes the point that infanticide might not have played as important a role in child-spacing as was previously thought: Infanticide […] has been suggested […] as a practice that was typical of Pleistocene hunter- gatherer populations. […] [T]he importance of infanticide as a method of spacing infants among Pleistocene populations probably has been overestimated, and […] there are several good reasons to doubt that it has ever been common on a world-wide, species-wide basis.

[nfanticide […] has been suggested […] as a practice that was typical of Pleistocene hunter- gatherer populations. […] [T]he importance of infanticide as a method of spacing infants among Pleistocene populations probably has been overestimated, and […] there are several good reasons to doubt that it has ever been common on a world-wide, species-wide basis.