The chemistry of carbon... All organic molecules are made out of chains of elements. Each molecule contains CARBON. (organic means they contain carbon) Carbon is able to form 4 strong bonds, and is able to bond with HYDROGEN, NITROGEN,OXYGEN, PHOSPHOROUS, and SULFUR

What is a bond? Surrounding each atom are electrons, those electrons attract electrons from other atoms to bond and create new substance…. Carbon is able to create covalent bonds meaning it shares 2 electrons with other atoms.

What is a molecule? A small unit of chemical compounds- It is multiple elements coming together to from new substances… example-: H 2 O = H + H + O = 3 elements coming together to make something new..

Macromolecules mean “Giant Molecules” They are made out of hundreds or even thousands of smaller molecules They are made out of small compounds called monomers that bond together to create polymers- meaning many parts….

*** Macromolecules are organic because they contain carbon*** 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates: Are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen They are in a 1:2:1 ratio- meaning for every 1 carbon there are 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen Carbohydrates are used to store energy!! Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes such as plant stem walls.

Carbohydrates are made out of sugar!

1.Monosaccharide- single sugar molecules= the building blocks of complex carbs 1.Disaccharide- when two sugar molecules come together 1.Polysaccharide- when a chain of sugar molecules come together to form complex carbs such as starch and cellulose

1.Glucose= C 6 H 12 O 6 2.Fructose= C 6 H 12 O 6 3.Galactose= C 6 H 12 O 6 They all have the same chemical formulas, but different structures, so they break down in the body differently and are used for different types of energy….

Are created by bonding two sugar molecules together by removing water This process is called dehydration reaction The most common disaccharide= sucrose= table sugar

These are MACROMOLECULES of sugar They are formed by bonding together numerous sugar molecules to make large chains. Types of polysaccharides: Animals: 1.Starch 2. glycogen Plants: 1.Chitin 2. cellulose

Lets Review: In order to form macromolecules many small units of matter have to come together…. This process is called: dehydration which removes water and chains molecules together To break these molecules apart, we have to add water creating hydrolysis- so there is no room to bond and join with other molecules.

What?

Here’s what you’re going to do… Using what we did last week, draw out the process of – a monosaccharide into a disaccharide – A disaccharide into a polysaccharide – then back- give and example of each, tell me the process, and label what is happening to water….

Proteins are made out of: – Nitrogen – Hydrogen – Carbon – Oxygen Each carbon can form: 4 covalent bonds

Are monomers of proteins There are 21 different types of amino acids Why: Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids- the order of the amino acids determine the type of protein.

Amino acids are compounds with different types of “groups” attached to them… 1.Amino group (-NH 2 ) 2.Carboxyl group (-COOH) 3.Side chain

Te R group is an arrangement of compounds that determines the type of protein that is being formed. The other groups are “protein structure” that is generic to all proteins- – What they are made out of

A protein that is found inside and outside of cells It is used in antibiotics R Group Amine group Carboxyl group

Can be used as a sweetener in animal foods- also used to kill weeds. R Group is a Hydrogen R Group Carboxyl groupAmine group

1.Antibodies 2.Muscle contraction and function 3.Enzymes or catalysts (make reactions happen) 4.Hormones 5.Storage 6.Nutrient transportation

A peptide bond is a covalent bond specific to proteins They are created by dehydration and link 2 amino acids together Peptide bonds are only used to describe the formation of peptide chains which are the polymers of proteins.

When two amino acids are linked together- they use dehydration Reflect back: Monomer: carbs= monosaccharide- glucose proteins= amino acids- there are 20 2 monomers: carbs= disaccharide- sucrose proteins= dipeptide chain- there are MANY

Are the polymers specific to proteins. They are formed by many amino acids linked together Many polypeptides together make proteins Proteins are long chains, and are made up of many polypeptides because they have so many different functions in the body

Fill in this table: One single molecule 2 molecules together 2 or more molecules together Type of bond Generic to every macromolecule Carbohydrates Proteins

Okay- so… after you form a polypeptide, how does that create a protein?

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

areas of folding or coiling within a protein; There are α helix or a β sheet

α Helix (alpha helix) Is a helix structure that is specific to proteins that perform structural duties such as movement β Sheet (Beta Sheet) A folded structure that is used to tell processes in the body to keep going If these are having problems, degenerative disease happen

Lets make some proteins!

Lipids include: – Fats – Oils – Steroids – Cholesterol – Blubber They are made out of Carbon, hydrogen, and Oxygen

Monomers: Monoglycerides 2 monomers: Diglycerides Polymer: Phospholipids Fatty acids are used for: Fatty acids are chains of carboxyl (OH) acid that link glycerides together 1.Energy storage (long term) 2.Cell membranes 3.Cell to cell signaling

Phospholipid: A phospholipid is the macromolecule of lipids/ fats: – It is three or more glyceride molecules linked together by a fatty acid- – This process uses dehydration synthesis

What are the differences:

Saturated= meaning hydrogen Unsaturated= no hydrogen- easier to break down, not as unhealthy

This means that they do not interact well with water. Lipids are referred to as non-soluble and hydrophobic meaning water fearing…

A tri-glyceride or a phospholipid = the majority of the energy used for our metabolic properties- they create It is the way the molecule comes together that forms a fatty acid:

This means they are hydrophilic- meaning they are able to interact with water…. These are why our cell membranes can transport water….