Conception of a global SAR mission for land imaging on the tropics Gilberto Câmara Director General National Institute for Space Research (INPE) Brazil

How can Brazil achieve its deforestation targets? Motivation: Brazilian National Plan for Climate Change

INPE has international credibility TerraAmazon “Today, Brazil’s monitoring system is the envy of the world. INPE has its own remote sensing satellite, a joint effort with China, that allows it to publish yearly totals of deforested land that scientists regard as reliable.”

INPE´s results have worldwide impact

Society is watching!

Until 2015, Norway will give up to US$ 1 billion to reduce deforestation in the Amazon. Norway’s contribution will depend on how successful Brazil will be in reducing deforestation. Brazil has the largest rain forest and one of the world’s most advanced systems for surveillance of deforestation. Other countries want to help

Challenge: Cloud cover in the tropics Most tropical areas have > 50% cloud cover yearly (source: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project)

Challenge: Cloud cover in Amazonia São Félix do Xingu, Brazil, cloud covered from October to May

Deforestation classes per area 13%22%27%32%31%68%38%More than 300 ha 10%11% 12%14%6%12%150 a 300 ha 7% 8%3%8%100 a 150 ha 16%14%13%12%13%6%12%50 a 100 ha 19%16%13%11% 5%11%25 a 50 ha 25%20%16%14%12%6%11%10 a 25 ha 10%9% 8%6%4%5%Less than 10 ha Tendência de Aumento Tendência de Redução Aproxim. Estável Aumento Redução Estável Challenges: clearing size is falling

Alerta DETER nov-2007 Landsat/TM August 2007 MODIS November 2007 Challenge: deforestation during the rainy season

Clearing land for pasture during the rainy season Checking DETER´s data (February 2008)

Landsat/TM 226/68 17/Ago/2007 New deforestation shown by DETER DETER out-2007 Challenge: need for medium-resolution data during the rainy season

Exploração – estágio inicial Checking DETER´s data (February 2008) Intensive timber extraction during the rainy season

SAR user requirements in Brazil Source: Brazilian SAR users workshop, recent additions (Forestry) Workshop organizer (2002): W. Paradella Recent additions: D. Valeriano Agricult.Cartogr.Oil spillsForestryGeologyHydrologyOceans Urban Mapping FrequencyLLCLLLCL Polariz.Quad-pol.N. A.VV, HHQuad-pol.HH, HVQuad-pol. Incidence Interval Variable 20-30°/ 45-60° 20-45°Large interval20-45°45-60°40-45° Spatial Resol m2-5 m30-50 m10 – 50 m5 – 10 m10 meters m2-5 m Swath Width Km N. A Km 100–500 Km Km100 Km350 Km km Revisit15 daysN. A..< 1 day7-15 daysSeasonal days DailyN.A.

PETROBRAS Solimões Terminal, Coari [LHH(R) + LVV (G)+LHV(B)] Motivation for L-band SAR: Amazonia Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005 Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella Researcher: F. P. Miranda (PETROBRAS)

Tapajós National Forest [ 10 m res, LHH(R) + LVV (G) + LHV (B)] Motivation for L-band SAR: Amazonia Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005 Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella INPE researchers: C. Freitas, J. R. Santos, L.V. Dutra, C. Mura

Bragança, Pará [10 m res, LHH(R) LVV(G) LHV(B)] Motivation for L-band SAR: Coastal regions Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005 Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella Researchers: P. W. Souza (UFPA), M. T. Prost (MPEG)

Motivation for L-band SAR: Agriculture L.E. Magalhães, Bahia [ 10 m resul, LHH(R)+LVV(G)+LHV(B)] Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005 Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella INPE researchers: B. Rudorff, A.R. Formaggio

Industrial motivation: Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM X-band SAR-Image 3x3m Campinas, Brazil)

P-band SAR-Image 3x3m, Sorocaba, Brazil (10/2002) Industrial motivation: Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM

X-band SAR-Image 3x3m, Campinas, Brazil Industrial motivation: Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM

LANDSAR (SAR for world´s tropics) 5-day full world coverage at 30m; 25-day full world coverage at 10m; 1-day spot at 5m; Sun-Synchronous Dawn-Dusk Orbit; Full Power on descending and ascending; Double-sided access by roll maneuver;

LANDSAR (SAR for world´s tropics) Positioning Control: 100m Positioning Determination: 30cm near real time. Attitude : Control - 0.1º in roll, pitch and yaw Determination -0.05º in roll, pitch and yaw Timing Accuracy: 50us.

ScanSAR TOPSAR LANDSAR Modes (initial proposal) ScanSAR/TOPSAR: Number of range looks of detected products: 4 Total ground range swath at the equator: 560km Resolution: 30 m x 30 m Global coverage time at the equator: 5 days Polarization: HH+HV

Spotlight Stripmap LANDSAR Modes (initial proposal) Number of range looks of detected products: 8 Total ground range swath at the equator: 115km Resolution: 14 m x 14 m Coverage time at the equator: 25 days Polarization: HH+HV Number of range looks of detected products: 2 Total ground range swath at the equator: 50km Resolution: 5 m x 5 m Time for Surveying: 1 day Polarization: HH+HV

Interferometric SAR Polarization HH + HV LANDSAR Polarization + InSAR

LANDSAR Operational Capabilities: Amazonia in 5 days with 30 m resolution

LANDSAR Operational Capabilities: Amazonia in 25 days with 10 m resolution

LandSARRISAT (India) Sentinel (ESA) SAOCOM (Argentin a) ALOS-2TerraSAR -X Cosmo- Skymed Frequency (GHz) Resolution (m) Max Range Swath (km) PolarizationHH, HV, VH, VV dualHH, HV, VH, VV Single, Dual HH+HV or VV+VH HH, HV, VH, VV Repeat Cycle (days)25?6 (2sats) ??114 (4 sats) Coverage Time (days)5136 (2sats) 2 at 35º South ?20.5 (4 sats) Systematic Acquisition (times/year) 73?60 (2sats) ---- To be launched in and Comparison: wide swath in 2014

LandSARRISAT (India) Sentinel (ESA) SAOCOM (Argent) ALOS-2TerraSAR -X Cosmo- Skymed Frequency (GHz) Resolution (m) Max Range Swath (km) PolarizationHH, HV, VH, VV ?Single, Dual, Full dualHH, HV, VH, VV Repeat Cycle (days)25?6 (2 sats) ??114 (4 sats) Coverage Time (days)25196 (2 sats) ??20.5 (4 sats) Systematic Acquisition (times/year) 14?60 (2 sats) ---- To be launched in and Comparison: narrow swath in 2014

LandSARRISAT (India) Sentinel (ESA) SAOCOM (Argent) ALOS-2TerraSAR -X Cosmo- Skymed Frequency (GHz) Resolution (m)3< Max Range Swath (km) Polarizationdual?--SingleDualHH, HV, VH, VV Repeat Cycle (days)25?--?114 (4 sats) Coverage Time (days)1-2?--?20.5 (4 sats) Systematic Acquisition (times/year) -?----- To be launched in and Comparison: spotlight mode in 2014