THE FORMATIVE YEARS (1815 – 1898)

Monroe Doctrine Mexican War Civil War Military Conduct Between Wars Spanish-American War Progress in Flight Problems of Flight OVERVIEW

Where have all the colonies gone? Argentina, 1821Nicaragua, 1821 Brazil, 1822Paraguay, 1811 Chile, 1818Peru, 1821 Columbia, 1810Venezuela, 1811 Costa Rica, 1821 Ecuador, 1809 El Salvador, 1821 Guatemala, 1821 Honduras, 1821 Mexico, 1810 All these countries gained their independence prior to our next significant event in 1823.

MONROE DOCTRINE Terms of the Monroe Doctrine, Dec 1823 Definition: A statement of U.S. foreign policy that opposed the broadening of European control or influence in the Western Hemisphere. It was dangerous (to U.S. interests) for any European power to regain political influence in North or South America Simple terms: Everyone KEEP OUT! of North/South America (Spain, France, Portugal, Netherlands and anyone else) England/Canada?

MONROE DOCTRINE Causes of the Monroe Doctrine –Russia would not let foreign ships approach within 100 miles of Russian-claimed territory along the Northwest coast of North America (Alaska-Russia=58 miles) –European powers might attempt to restore the South American colonies that had rebelled against Spanish rule and gained their independence to Spain

WHO will enforce???? U.S. Navy has only seven (7) major ships! 12,400 miles of coast Still poor, can’t afford a large navy Laws, or in this case a doctrine, is only as good as the police, or in this case the navy, used to enforce it Who will enforce?

MONROE DOCTRINE Results of the Monroe Doctrine British supported the U.S. British are now friends and allies British navy, still most powerful in world, enforces Monroe Doctrine, so U.S. doesn’t need large navy to enforce it British had profitable trade with the new South American countries Effective part of the U.S. defense of North/South America Prevented a series of wars that could have wrecked the economic and political growth of the U.S. because no one wanted to fight the British navy

MEXICAN WAR (1846 – 1848) Conflict was not with a European nation War is against Mexico, the southern neighbor of the U.S.

MEXICAN WAR (1846 – 1848) Issues and Events Manifest Destiny had grown in the years after the War of 1812 (Control of all territory between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans) New Mexico and California territories were parts of Mexico Growing American sectionalism and viewing any attempts at expansion between slave and non-slave states

Issues and Events In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain Large numbers of Americans move west to Texas and California U.S. tries to buy California Texas remained independent for 9 years, Mexico attempted to regain its control over Texas MEXICAN WAR (1846 – 1848)

Issues and Events U.S. government began to look at the territories from California to Texas Gen. Zachary Taylor moved his forces into territories claimed by both countries Mexico attacks to drive him out (exactly what the U.S. wanted him to do?)

MEXICAN WAR (1846 – 1848) Political Objective Add Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California to the U.S. Military Objectives and Strategy U.S. more powerful First offensive war Military Technology and Technique Still musket, but now improved with percussion caps Artillery more mobile

MEXICAN WAR (1846 – 1848) Military Forces Army of 8,500, professional officers trained at West Point Better trained and disciplined Military Conduct American forces won every major battle Battles in Texas, Northern Mexico & California Captured Mexico City Better State of the Peace Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo U.S got Texas, California, New Mexico and Arizona Mexico gets paid $15M Gadsden Purchase, 1853, added remaining sections of New Mexico and Arizona Manifest Destiny realized

MEXICAN WAR (1846 – 1848)

*MANIFEST DESTINY*