Standard Discuss the causes and course of the religious Crusades and their effects on Christian, Muslim, and Jewish populations, with emphasis on the increasing contact by Europeans with the Muslim world.

Jerusalem (in Palestine—today’s Israel) considered the Holy Land by Christians but was controlled by Muslims. STILL THE CASE TODAY. Jerusalem today: Background: Dome of the Rock, a sacred Muslim mosque Foreground: The Wailing Wall— sacred prayer shrine for Jews

CRUSADE: In general An intense effort A war that is religiously motivated

Historically Series of wars and occupations by Europeans between 1096 to 1270 to conquer the Holy Land—throw out “infidel” Muslims.

Reasons for Crusades: European Christians traveling to the Holy Land were often attacked by Muslim robbers. Europeans feared they would no longer be able to visit Jerusalem.

First Crusade Christian knights (crusaders) capture and hold Jerusalem Castles built to hold the city Over time Muslims begin to recapture outer areas held by Christian knights

Second Crusade renewed battles 1187—Saladin (Syrian Muslim) takes back Jerusalem

1191--Third Crusade led by Richard the Lion Heart (King of England) only succeeds in reaching agreement to share Jerusalem as holy site for pilgrims

Effects of the Crusades: ’s of Jews and Muslims slaughtered

2. Extreme loss and damage to property 3. Anti-Semitism * developed in Europe 4.Increased trade with other parts of the world and new ideas * hatred and persecution of Jews

5. The Reconquista Period in which the Spanish took back the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims.