When Motives Conflict Approach-approach conflict – when we have 2 desirable things to choose from. Both Beyonce and Tyra Banks want to date you.

Approach –avoidance conflict Both options have their benefits and drawbacks. Example, telling your wife that her hair looks bad. The good is she’ll fix it. The bad is she might be mad at you for a few hours.

Avoidance-avoidance conflict You must choose between 2 equally unattractive options.

Four theories of emotion

James-Lange Theory of Emotion Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. Based on our autonomic nervous system The body changes and our mind interprets those changes as emotion. “I’m afraid because I run”

Male participants were asked to meet an interviewer in the middle of one of two bridges. One was a safe-looking bridge and one looked more dangerous. An attractive female researcher interviewed the male passers-by in the middle of the two bridges. She gave them her telephone number in case they wanted to ask about the results. Men on the less safe-looking bridge were more aroused by the height of the bridge, and were likely to confuse their feelings for being 'lovestruck'. They were then more likely to call her back, looking for a date. Support for James Lange????

Giving the Finger, the Psychology and History Thereof By William Weir on February 13, 2009 For the study, 54 right-handed subjects read a story about a person whose behavior could be interpreted as either assertive or hostile. One group extended their forefinger while reading, another group extended their middle finger. The latter group tended to assert that person in the essay was hostile, rather than assertive. Support for the James Lange theory??

Facial feedback hypothesis

The Effects of Facial Expression If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures. OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the facial feedback and behavior feedback phenomena, and give an example of each. Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/ The New York Times Pictures Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.

Maybe Ned was right. Sometimes we should force ourselves to smile.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Say James-Lange theory is full of crap. The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously. They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

Think – 2 cannons firing at the same time. Physiological change (heart rate, breathing) Cognitive awareness

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely that the other two theories. They happen at the same time but… Emotion is processed in the autonomic nervous system AND the cerebral cortex (conscious thought) Includes cognitive appraisal

If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of “fun”

Everyone say it loud Schacter – Two Factor

Opponent Process Theory of Emotion Have you ever felt crappy for a few days, then felt elated? This theory says feeling one way will lead you to feel the opposite. How is this similar to the opponent process theory of color vision?

Stress There are 2 stress hormones you need to know. Cortisol and adrenaline Cortisol does lead to weight gain.

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Describes our response to a stressful event. Three stages Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

Emotional Expression When culturally diverse people were shown six basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Paul Ekman 1989). OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival. Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of them are present in infancy, except for contempt, shame, and guilt. Even blind children display these facial expressions. Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow OBJECTIVE 13| Name the 10 basic emotions, and describe two dimensions psychologists use to differentiate emotions. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

Paul Ekman – basis for Lie to Me Paul Ekman studied emotions and facial expressions and found there are universal facial expressions. Lying and disgust are the same in the USA and Japan. However, the display rules are different for collectivist cultures than individualist cultures. Chinese are not encouraged to display anger like Americans are.

Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004). Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth College, www.whalenlab.info

Catharsis Hypothesis Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.” Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

Cultural & Gender Differences Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music. The expression of anger is more encouraged in individualistic cultures (USA) than in cultures that do promote group behavior (China, Japan) Wolfgang Kaehler

Predictors of Happiness Why are some people generally more happy than others? OBJECTIVE 21| Summarize the ways that we can influence our own levels of happiness.

1. Tyrone believes that there are some emotions that are universally expressed. He’s espousing the theory of _____ A. Freud B. Plutchik C. Ekman D. Darwin E. James

2. “We feel sorry because we cry” represents the theory of _____ A. James-Lange B. Cannon-Bard C. LeDoux D. Schachter E. Freud

3. “We cry when (at the same time) we notice we feel sorry inside and are involved in a sad situation” represents the theory of ______ A. James-Lange B. Cannon-Bard C. LeDoux D. Schachter E. Freud

4. Which of the following statements about cross-cultural comparisons of emotional experience is NOT true? A. The types of events that trigger specific emotions are fairly similar across cultures. B. The physiological reactions that accompany emotions tend to be similar across cultures C. People of different cultures tend to categorize the emotions differently D. All of the above statements are true.

5. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion: A. the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and on one’s cognitive interpretation of that arousal B. different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions C. emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex D. Emotions develop because of their adaptive value

6. Which of the following statements is true? A. For the most part, people are pretty happy. B. Age is unrelated to happiness. C. income is unrelated to happiness D. All of the above are true.

7. Which theory of emotion implies that people can change their emotions simply by changing the way they label their arousal? A. the James-Lange theory B. Cannon Bard theory C. Schachter’s two-factor theory D. opponent-process theory.