Ancient Rome Senatus Populusque Romanus Senate and People of Rome

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Philosophy One of the first Roman men (Men wouldn't let women study philosophy) who wrote about philosophy was Lucretius. Lucretius followed Greek Epicurean philosophy. He left us a long poem, called On the Nature of Things, explaining Epicurean philosophy in Latin for men who couldn't read Greek. Cicero was another man who wrote about philosophy at just about the same time as Lucretius. Cicero was mostly a Skeptic philosopher. Like other Skeptics, Cicero thought that you should question any ideas or facts you heard about, and always ask "How do they know that?" or "How can they be sure?" or "What about this other thing?” Cicero tried to use philosophy to make men more logical thinkers, so that they would make better decisions about how to run the government. But Cicero also held some Stoic ideas especially that men should try to be as good as possible

Philosophy continued About a hundred years later, in the time of the emperors Claudius and Nero, another philosopher called Seneca wrote another set of essays about Stoic philosophy. Seneca thought that men should not waste time on things that really didn't matter. Instead, they should use their time well, to help improve the world, and to improve their own minds by studying philosophy. In the later years of the Roman Empire, many men and women began to think about the world in terms of Christian thought. St. Augustine and St. Ambrose both studied earlier philosophers and tried to create a Christian philosophy that would include both Christian ideas and Greek and Roman philosophy.

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Government ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=2 ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=2 ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=2 ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=2 cle?id=ar566460&st=roman+empire cle?id=ar566460&st=roman+empire cle?id=ar566460&st=roman+empire cle?id=ar566460&st=roman+empire ch?&st1=roman+empire&dt=0&searchprop=atk &ht=438,8,1,0,0,0,0,19,0,12,5,1,36,10,1,1,0,0& mt=vd&page=ar&searchprop=atk ch?&st1=roman+empire&dt=0&searchprop=atk &ht=438,8,1,0,0,0,0,19,0,12,5,1,36,10,1,1,0,0& mt=vd&page=ar&searchprop=atk ch?&st1=roman+empire&dt=0&searchprop=atk &ht=438,8,1,0,0,0,0,19,0,12,5,1,36,10,1,1,0,0& mt=vd&page=ar&searchprop=atk ch?&st1=roman+empire&dt=0&searchprop=atk &ht=438,8,1,0,0,0,0,19,0,12,5,1,36,10,1,1,0,0& mt=vd&page=ar&searchprop=atk

Life of the People rticle?id=ar474350&ss=h3 rticle?id=ar474350&ss=h3 rticle?id=ar474350&ss=h3 rticle?id=ar474350&ss=h3 ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=5 ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=5 ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=5 ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=5 ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=3 ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=3 ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=3 ?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=3 -videos-playlist.htm#video videos-playlist.htm#video videos-playlist.htm#video videos-playlist.htm#video-29217

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Writing The Roman Empire lasted for more than a thousand years, so there was plenty of time to produce a lot of writing. Latin, an Indo-European language, was written in an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet, with some letters changed: the Latin or Roman alphabet is essentially the one Americans use today. English-speakers have added the letters J and U and W. Most of what was written during those thousand years has been lost, but a fair amount still survives and we can read it today. We like to think that the best writing has survived, but certainly some very good works have been lost, while some of what survives is not very good. Nearly all of the Latin literature that we still have today survives because it was copied over and over by hand by different people through hundreds of years. That is, almost none of the actual books that people read at that time survive: papyrus and parchment just don't last that well. The words survive, but in later copies of later copies. For some books, many copies survive; for other books, only one.

Gardens and Landscape A peristyle is a courtyard with a covered walkway all the way around it, with columns holding up the ceiling so you can see out into the garden. Peri means "around" and style means "column", so a peristyle is a place with columns all the way around it. The earliest peristyle courtyards that we know of were in Greek houses, beginning around the Classical Period. Peristyles were also common in wealthier Roman houses, all over the Roman Empire, beginning about the time of the Julio Claudian Emperors. The Romans were able to establish a very large empire. They employed a geometric system to lay out crop lands and also employed crop rotation. They were known to try and maximize land use which eventually leads to soil depletion. Like Greece, Italy has a large degree of mountainous terrain unfit for cultivation. The Romans during their reign imported much of their crops from subject countries to keep the empire feed. After Rome conquered Egypt, they were able to import enough wheat to give free grain to all of the one million Romans living in the capitol.

Gardens and Landscape The Romans realized that the soil would become depleted if it did not receive fertilization. They were one of the early civilizations to employ a type of mixed farming. They would use manure from their farm animals to help revitalize their soils. Yet the Romans did suffer from a decline in food production toward the end of their empire due to land overuse as noted by one author, "The fall of past civilizations, especially those of the Mediterranean region, was due in large part to bad management of the landscape."

Gardens & Landscape Roman peristyle

Music The music of ancient Rome was tied to three main purposes: powers, entertainment, and propaganda. The "power" of Rome (as "conqueror"), and its relationship to its vast "conquered" territories is very important to understanding the culture of ancient Rome. The Roman virtues of dignity, authoritas (authority) and gravitas (seriousness of purpose) were practiced by all Romans as part of their "duty' to the State. The Romans borrowed many diverse musical traditions from the peoples they conquered, rather than developing a uniquely Roman tradition of their own. From a socio-cultural standpoint, music in ancient Rome was primarily associated with: 1) the military and military ceremonies, 2) the Roman Theater, 3) Roman religious practices, and 4) the ritual use of music at almost all public/civic occasions. Despite the diversity and richness of Rome, there are no known musical examples of Roman music that have survived to the present day. The music of ancient Rome was tied to three main purposes: powers, entertainment, and propaganda. The "power" of Rome (as "conqueror"), and its relationship to its vast "conquered" territories is very important to understanding the culture of ancient Rome. The Roman virtues of dignity, authoritas (authority) and gravitas (seriousness of purpose) were practiced by all Romans as part of their "duty' to the State. The Romans borrowed many diverse musical traditions from the peoples they conquered, rather than developing a uniquely Roman tradition of their own. From a socio-cultural standpoint, music in ancient Rome was primarily associated with: 1) the military and military ceremonies, 2) the Roman Theater, 3) Roman religious practices, and 4) the ritual use of music at almost all public/civic occasions. Despite the diversity and richness of Rome, there are no known musical examples of Roman music that have survived to the present day.

Music continued The cultural, social, and political institutions of ancient Rome were formed and influenced by several ancient cultures (Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Arab). In particular, the Romans owe a great deal to the musical and cultural practices of ancient Greece and Etruscan cultures. Music was central to Roman religious ceremony, civic activity, entertainment, the military and the culture of work as early as the era of the Kings (750 BCE BCE). The earliest and perhaps the most important influences were the Etruscans, and later, the Greeks. Rome absorbed, extended and modified music along with many other cultural forms from the various territories it conquered. From the 2nd century BC this influence of foreign cultures on Rome increased rapidly as the former kingdoms of Alexander's Empire, Greece, Macedonia, Syria and Egypt, fell under Roman domination. Syria and Egypt in particular, were wealthy and rich in musical traditions. Professional virtuosi, often Greek, gave public performances, Egyptian and Syrian pantomime artists performed to orchestral accompaniment. Dancers and musicians toured the known world and great festivals were held regularly in the cities of the empire. By the end of the 2nd century BCE, musicians and actors had formed industry bodies, musical instruments were being constantly developed, musical scholarship was growing and the development of widespread musical amateurism indicates a spread of musical education and appreciation. The cultural, social, and political institutions of ancient Rome were formed and influenced by several ancient cultures (Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Arab). In particular, the Romans owe a great deal to the musical and cultural practices of ancient Greece and Etruscan cultures. Music was central to Roman religious ceremony, civic activity, entertainment, the military and the culture of work as early as the era of the Kings (750 BCE BCE). The earliest and perhaps the most important influences were the Etruscans, and later, the Greeks. Rome absorbed, extended and modified music along with many other cultural forms from the various territories it conquered. From the 2nd century BC this influence of foreign cultures on Rome increased rapidly as the former kingdoms of Alexander's Empire, Greece, Macedonia, Syria and Egypt, fell under Roman domination. Syria and Egypt in particular, were wealthy and rich in musical traditions. Professional virtuosi, often Greek, gave public performances, Egyptian and Syrian pantomime artists performed to orchestral accompaniment. Dancers and musicians toured the known world and great festivals were held regularly in the cities of the empire. By the end of the 2nd century BCE, musicians and actors had formed industry bodies, musical instruments were being constantly developed, musical scholarship was growing and the development of widespread musical amateurism indicates a spread of musical education and appreciation.

Music continued The Romans conquered ancient Greece in 146 B.C.E. and assimilated and adapted Greek music and religion into Roman culture. The "educated" people of Greece (i.e. philosophers, musicians, artists) became Roman slaves, who in turn educated the Roman elite via the Greek Classics. Nevertheless, it is the Roman writings of Cicero, Quintilian, and others document the use of music for purely entertainment purposes at large festivals with choruses and instrumental ensembles. The instruments available to Greek and Roman musicians covered a diverse range of instruments that represented musical traditions from all over the Roman Empire. Curiously, the vast majority of musical instruments are not Roman in origin, but were readily adopted into Roman musical practices. Thus, the musical traditions of the "conquered" became the music of the "conqueror" (Rome). Stringed instruments known to the Romans included harps, lyres, kithara, and barbitoi; the lute came later on (perhaps from Egypt or the Near East). Of the wind instruments, the syrnix, and aulos (Greek origin) were the most common, while various other flutes and whistles were known. The panpipe was a group of pipes bound together. Horns and trumpets of various kinds are known, often used for hunting and in military contexts. Percussion instruments included drums, tambourines, cymbals, and castanets. The majority of music for which we have surviving notation was vocal, and singing was probably the most common form of musical activity.

Musical Instruments Roman Tubecines (Trumpeters) Tympanum & Aulos Syrinx (panpipe), Aulos, Auloi

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