Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS

Objectives clinical signs associated with specific diseases. etiology of the diseases. common treatments for disease. common and scientific names of parasites associated with this species. vaccinations

Reading Assignment Chapter 17: Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases Know table 17 -1: Diseases which can be prevented with vaccines

Key terms Abortion AGID Blepharospasm Conjunctiva Coronary Band ELISA Epididymitis Epiphora Lochia Microphthalmia Opisthotonus Phthisis Bulbi; shrinkage eyeball Prion Prolapse Ring Retractor Bulbi muscles Serovar Stillbirth Tetraplegia

Previously covered disease Anthrax Botulism Black leg Foot rot Leptospirosis Listeriosis Malignant Edema Pinkeye Johne’s disease Tetanus Foot and Mouth Disease Rabies Freemartin Milk Fever Retained Placenta Pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease) Previously covered disease.

Urinary Calculi Previously covered disease.

Prolapse Previously covered disease.

Prolapse (cont’d)

BACTERIAL DISEASES

Tetanus Previously covered disease.

Big Head Causative agent: Clostridium novyi, C. sordellii, or C. chauvoei (black leg) Clinical signs (sheep): Head butting and fighting causes bruising or laceration and edematous swelling. Diagnosis: Clinical signs Treatment: Penicillin, broad spectrum antibiotics Prevention: Vaccinate 7/8 way - ewe 1 month before lambing, lamb: 1 month and 2-4 weeks later booster

Black Disease Causative agent: Clostridium novyi Type B (soil) Transmission: ingestion of spores, flukes predispose them to black disease Clinical signs: Often found dead (endotoxins); respiratory distress, anorexia, and fever Diagnosis: Necropsy and culture/ gram stain - liver – Hemorrhage of SQ vessels, sub epicardial hemorrhage, kidney/liver - autolysis Treatment: Tetracycline Control: trematodes e.g. albendazole

Black disease. Dark brown swollen liver showing necrotic areas (1–2 cm) in diameter surrounded by a zone of hyperaemia Courtesy of FAO

Brucellosis Causative agent: Brucella ovis and B. melitensis (rare: abortion) in sheep; Brucella melitensis and B. abortus (ZOONOTIC) in goats. Gram – coccobacillus – Malta fever in humans Transmission: sheep - veneral and goats – ingestion of contaminated food, direct contact: urine, feces, placenta, milk Clinical signs: – Sheep: Abortion (rare), epididymitis, – goats: abortion storms, lameness, mastitis, diarrhea, and depression Diagnosis: Agglutination tests or complement fixation Treatment: None

Caseous Lymphadenitis Causative agent: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis : gram + coccoid Transmission: direct contact with superficial wounds, ingestion, inhalation Clinical signs: Dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, and weight loss Diagnosis: Culture from TTW, radiographs, necropsy (hepatic abscess) Treatment: Isolation, hygiene and vaccine?

Caseous Lymphadenitis (cont’d)

Chlamydophilosis – Enzootic abortion ewes (EAE) Causative agent: Chlamydia psittaci (zoonotic) – gram - Transmission: Direct contact: uterine discharge, fetus, placenta; veneral (rams are carriers) Clinical signs: Abortion (#1 cause in goats): last trimester, weak or stillborn lambs, pneumonia, KCS, epididymitis, and polyarthritis Diagnosis: ELISA, fluorescent antibody staining, and culture isolation Treatment: Oxytetracycline; females that have aborted should be isolated; fetal tissue or placenta should be burned or buried; and management Prevention: vaccine (prevent abortions)

Clostridium Perfringens Causative agent: Clostridium perfringens (normal flora GI sheep) Clinical signs: – Type A: diarrhea – neonates. – Type B (lamb dysentery: endotoxin): acute bloody diarrhea – young lambs > high mortality. – Type C (lamb dysentery: endotoxin): diarrhea in lambs < 3 wks. And in adults – “struck”. – Type D: feedlot lambs – high concentrate, eat excessive feed/ milk. Diarrhea (sheep can die w/o diarrhea in goats diarrhea than die), incoordination, excitement, circling, head pressing, convulsions and sudden death

Clostridium Perfringens Diagnosis: Clinical signs or necropsy Treatment: Penicillin and vaccinate with antitoxin in outbreak Prevention: vaccination, parasite control, gradual feed changes

Joint ill Causative agent: Kids, Staphylococci, streptococci, Corynebacterium spp., Actinomyces, and coliform bacteria Transmission: breaks in skin, umbilical cord, GI, respiratory tract Clinical signs: Warm, painful, swollen joints, lameness, fever, umbilical cord abcessation, and leukocytosis with left shift Diagnosis: Clinical signs Treatment: Penicillin's and joint flushing (saline) Prevention: avoid overcrowding and hygiene at partiurition, dipping umbilical cord

Vibriosis Causative agent: Campylobacter jejuni and C. fetus, gram – rod Transmission: ingestion of organisms (intestines of sheep, birds, dogs) Clinical signs: Late-term abortion (#1 – sheep), stillbirths, and weak lambs Diagnosis: Culture Treatment: Antibiotics and vaccination

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) - Scrapie Causative agent: Prion Transmission??: Suffolk. Infected at birth. Genetics. (environment) and show c.s. at 3.5 years. Clinical signs: Wool or hair loss, ataxia, weight loss, starring, aggressiveness, floppy ears, tremors, seizures, inability to swallow, and death. Chronic and degenerative Diagnosis: Finding prion protein with immunostaining of lymphoid tissue in 3 rd eyelid Treatment: None REPORTABLE, eradication program

OTHER DISEASES

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) - Scrapie

Toxoplasma Causative agent: Toxoplasma gondii Clinical signs: Fetal death, abortion, embryonic death, stillbirth, and weak nonviable neonates Diagnosis: Serologic tests Treatment: Prevent cat access to sheep areas

VIRAL DISEASES

Bluetongue Causative agent: genus: Orbivirus; Family: Reoviridae Transmission: Culicoides gnat/midge, cattle are reservoirs Clinical signs: Ulcerations on the mouth or nose, lame, fever, and abortion, neonate - hydroencephaly Clinical signs Diagnosis: Viral isolation Treatment: Insect control, vaccine REPORTABLE

Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis Causative agent: Retroviral (similar to ovine progressive pneumoniae) Transmission: fomites (needles), colostrum Clinical signs: – Neurologic: kids 1-4 months: tetraplegia, ataxia, blindness, head tilt, facial paralysis, opisthotonus, generalized paresis – Arthritic – Mastitis

Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis Diagnosis: AGID (test for CAE antibody), CS, and necropsy Treatment: None Prevention: cull, colostrum heated 1 hour at 56⁰ C

Contagious Ecthyma contagious viral pustular dermatitis – orf – sore mouth – contagious pustular dermatitis – cutaneous pustular dermatitis, scabby mouth Etiology: Family poxviridae and genus: Parapoxvirus Transmission: direct/ indirect with environment Immunity and counter-immunity during infection with the parapoxvirus orf virus: David M Haig,, Colin J McInnes, 2002David M HaigColin J McInnes

Contagious Ecthyma Clinical signs: Lesions in oral cavity, eyelids, feet, and teats; lameness, anorexia, dehydration, malnutrition, secondary bacterial infections Clinical signs Diagnosis: Clinical signs Treatment: Secondary bacterial infections and supportive Prevention:

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Causative agent: Retroviridae family Transmission: milk and colostrum Clinical signs: Coughing, bronchial exudates, anorexia, fever, depression, encephalitis, and mastitis Diagnosis: Necropsy, ELISA, AGID, and virus isolation Treatment: None Prevention: culling

Description:This slide shows gross lung tissue from a sheep with ovine progressive pnemonia (OPP). This is an example of a multifocal pulmonary disease that may be diagnosed by lung biopsy. Author: Angie Warner, D.V.M.,D.Sc.

Noninfectious Diseases

Entropion Causative agent: Congenital, trauma, severe dehydration, weight loss, and painful ocular conditions Most common ocular disease in neonatal lambs Bilateral and lower lids

Entropion Clinical signs: Blepharospasm, photophobia, epiphora, keratoconjunctivitis, and eye rubbing Diagnosis: Clinical signs Treatment: Surgical and Penicillin, topical atropine, topical antibiotics

Hereditary Chondrodysplasia – spider lamb syndrome Causative agent: Inheritable Clinical signs: Skeletal defects primarily seen in Suffolk or Hampshire breeds – Lambs show clinical signs at 6 weeks of age Longer legs Chondrodysplasia: skull, sternum, vertebrae

Hereditary Chondrodysplasia (cont’d)

Metritis Causative agent: Clostridium spp. After dystocia, retained placenta Clinical signs: Vaginal discharge – malodorous brownish-red watery Diagnosis: Clinical signs Treatment: Prostaglandins and oxytocin

References sease%20of%20Sheep_Goats.pdf sease%20of%20Sheep_Goats.pdf state.edu/depts/vhc/agpract/articles/Caseous_Lymph.pdf ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/publications/mmwr/rr/rr4908.pdf m m loads/fs_ahscrapie.pdf loads/fs_ahscrapie.pdf K Holtgrew-Bohling, Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN:

References /bluetongue.pdf /bluetongue.pdf 110/3-28/class_notes.htm 110/3-28/class_notes.htm Immunity and counter-immunity during infection with the parapoxvirus orf virus David M Haig,, David M Haig Colin J McInnes