Nationalism (Part II)— As a unifying force Notes

OBJECTIVE(S): Describe the effect(s) nationalism can have on a country Describe the effect(s) nationalism can have on a country Explain how nationalism impacted European politics in the 19th Century Explain how nationalism impacted European politics in the 19th Century

Nationalism is the belief that people of the same nation—meaning people of a common culture and history—should live in their own, independent country.

Case Study: Italy—Cavour Unites Italy Cavour Leads Italian Unification Cavour Leads Italian Unification Piedmont-Sardinia was the largest and most powerful Italian kingdom. Many Italians living there thought Italian unification was good idea. Piedmont-Sardinia was the largest and most powerful Italian kingdom. Many Italians living there thought Italian unification was good idea.

Many Italians—especially the Roman Catholics—thought Italian unification was a good idea Many Italians—especially the Roman Catholics—thought Italian unification was a good idea Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian nationalist writer, is often cited as the inspiration of growing Italian nationalism. Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian nationalist writer, is often cited as the inspiration of growing Italian nationalism.

Count Camillo di Cavour was appointed the prime minister in 1852 by King Victor Emmanuel II. The cunning Cavour used diplomacy and alliances to gain control of the northern kingdoms of what would become Italy. The cunning Cavour used diplomacy and alliances to gain control of the northern kingdoms of what would become Italy. Austria controlled some of these kingdoms and Cavour got French King Napoleon III to help fight the Austrians and drive them out of Italy. Austria controlled some of these kingdoms and Cavour got French King Napoleon III to help fight the Austrians and drive them out of Italy.

Garibaldi Brings Unity At the same time, supported by Cavour, nationalists rebelled against kingdoms in southern Italy. At the same time, supported by Cavour, nationalists rebelled against kingdoms in southern Italy. Giuseppe Garibaldi led a small army of Italian nationalists called the Red Shirts. Giuseppe Garibaldi led a small army of Italian nationalists called the Red Shirts.

From Sicily, the Red Shirts marched north, uniting the southern Italian kingdoms. From Sicily, the Red Shirts marched north, uniting the southern Italian kingdoms. Garibaldi agreed to unite the southern areas with the kingdom Piedmont-Sardinia built, putting all Italians in their own nation-state, ruled by King Victor Emmanuel II. Garibaldi agreed to unite the southern areas with the kingdom Piedmont-Sardinia built, putting all Italians in their own nation-state, ruled by King Victor Emmanuel II.

Case Study: Germany—Bismarck Unites Germany In 1815, what would become Germany was 39 separate kingdoms that sometimes worked together in the Germany Confederation. The Austrian Empire dominated this organization. In 1815, what would become Germany was 39 separate kingdoms that sometimes worked together in the Germany Confederation. The Austrian Empire dominated this organization.

Prussia Leads German Unification Prussia—the largest and most powerful of these kingdoms—was unified by German nationalism. Prussia—the largest and most powerful of these kingdoms—was unified by German nationalism. Prussia historically had a powerful army. Prussia historically had a powerful army. During the revolutions of 1848, Prussia wrote a liberal constitution, creating an elected parliament, which helped pave the way for unification. During the revolutions of 1848, Prussia wrote a liberal constitution, creating an elected parliament, which helped pave the way for unification.

Bismarck takes control In 1861, Wilhelm I became the king of Prussia and appointed Junker Otto von Bismarck as prime minister. In 1861, Wilhelm I became the king of Prussia and appointed Junker Otto von Bismarck as prime minister.

Bismarck practiced tough, power- politics with no room for idealism— an idea called “realpolitik.” He did away with the parliament and did things his way. He did away with the parliament and did things his way. He claimed that the “issues of the day will be decided… by blood and iron,” by which he meant war. He claimed that the “issues of the day will be decided… by blood and iron,” by which he meant war.

Prussia Expands In 1864, Bismarck led an alliance with Austria in a war he provoked against Denmark. The Prussians easily won. The Prussians easily won. The quick victory increased German nationalism. The quick victory increased German nationalism.

Seven Week’s War Bismarck—realizing the Austria stood in the way of German unification—tricked the Austrians into declaring war in Bismarck—realizing the Austria stood in the way of German unification—tricked the Austrians into declaring war in 1866.

The Prussians easily won the Seven Week’s War due to their superior military—better in both training and equipment. The Prussians easily won the Seven Week’s War due to their superior military—better in both training and equipment. The Prussians took territory from Austria and now controlled the northern part of modern Germany. The Prussians took territory from Austria and now controlled the northern part of modern Germany.

Franco-Prussian War In 1867, Bismarck again used a war to increase German nationalism and annex more kingdoms. In 1867, Bismarck again used a war to increase German nationalism and annex more kingdoms. The French declared war on Prussia in 1870, starting the Franco-Prussian war. The French declared war on Prussia in 1870, starting the Franco-Prussian war.

The Prussians again achieved a quick victory and the war unified the last remaining German kingdoms, creating the nation-state of Germany in The Prussians again achieved a quick victory and the war unified the last remaining German kingdoms, creating the nation-state of Germany in King Wilhelm I was crowned the German Kaiser—or emperor (derived from Caesar, just like the Russian emperor’s title, czar) of the Second Roman Empire. King Wilhelm I was crowned the German Kaiser—or emperor (derived from Caesar, just like the Russian emperor’s title, czar) of the Second Roman Empire.

A Shift in Power The 1815 Congress of Vienna created a balance of power that kept peace. The 1815 Congress of Vienna created a balance of power that kept peace. The wars of the mid-1800’s upset this balance. The wars of the mid-1800’s upset this balance. Britain and Germany were now clearly the most powerful countries, militarily and economically. Britain and Germany were now clearly the most powerful countries, militarily and economically.

France was a tier below them, never fully recovering after Napoleon’s defeat. France was a tier below them, never fully recovering after Napoleon’s defeat. Under France, Austria and Russia were lagging far behind as they tried to keep their difficult empires under control. Under France, Austria and Russia were lagging far behind as they tried to keep their difficult empires under control.

With the Congress of Vienna’s balance now completely ruined, Europe was put on a path that would eventually lead to a major conflict engulfing the whole continent. With the Congress of Vienna’s balance now completely ruined, Europe was put on a path that would eventually lead to a major conflict engulfing the whole continent.

OBJECTIVE(S): Describe the effect(s) nationalism can have on a country Describe the effect(s) nationalism can have on a country Explain how nationalism impacted European politics in the 19th Century Explain how nationalism impacted European politics in the 19th Century