INSOLATION INcoming SOLar radiATION = the sun’s electromagnetic energy that reaches the Earth.

The Sun’s strength or intensity depends on three factors: 1. Angle of insolation 2. Duration of insolation 3. Type of surface it strikes

Angle of Insolation Measurement from horizon up to position of Sun. Relationship – the higher the sun is in the sky Relationship – the higher the sun is in the sky the greater the angle overhead=> noon sun has greatest angle of insolation Relationship – the greater the angle, the more intense the rays are (summer) Relationship – the greater the angle, the more intense the rays are (summer) -the lower the angle, the more spread out the rays are (winter)

Duration of Insolation Length of time the sun is up. Length of time the sun is up. Relationship: longer duration of insolation, higher the temperature (more intense) Relationship: longer duration of insolation, higher the temperature (more intense) Varies with latitude Varies with latitude

Where are we and how much are we getting right now? Autumnal equinox Autumnal equinox Fall in the northern hemisphere Winter solstice Winter solstice Winter in the northern hemisphere

Vernal Equinox Vernal Equinox Spring in the northern hemisphere Summer solstice Summer solstice Summer in the northern hemisphere

Absorption of Insolation Only 50% of the sun’s energy is absorbed by Earth’s surface. Only 50% of the sun’s energy is absorbed by Earth’s surface. Rest is reflected, scattered or absorbed by the atmosphere. Rest is reflected, scattered or absorbed by the atmosphere. The absorption of heat energy from the sun depends on the specific heat of the substance. The absorption of heat energy from the sun depends on the specific heat of the substance. Land has a lower specific heat, so takes less time to heat up, while water has a higher specific heat, thus taking more time to heat up. Land has a lower specific heat, so takes less time to heat up, while water has a higher specific heat, thus taking more time to heat up.

Color or structure of surface also determines if heat will be absorbed or reflected In general, light colored surfaces reflect In general, light colored surfaces reflect While dark colored surfaces absorb While dark colored surfaces absorb Incoming energy from the sun: UV, visible and infrared Outgoing energy from Earth:terrestrial radiation – infrared.

INSOLATION WRAP-UP Angle of insolation = how high sun is in sky. Angle of insolation = how high sun is in sky. Measured from the horizon (position of the sun) => greatest angle = ____________ Measured from the horizon (position of the sun) => greatest angle = ____________ Changes with the seasons – in Northern Hemisphere: Changes with the seasons – in Northern Hemisphere: Lowest noontime angle =December 21, winter solstice Highest angle =June 21, summer solstice As angle of insolation increases and duration of insolation increases- temperature increases. As angle of insolation increases and duration of insolation increases- temperature increases. Most energy gets to Earth’s surface as visible light. Most energy gets to Earth’s surface as visible light. Ozone absorbs high energy radiation Ozone absorbs high energy radiation Infrared radiation is absorbed by water and carbon dioxide. Infrared radiation is absorbed by water and carbon dioxide. A substances reflectivity = albedo A substances reflectivity = albedo

Four Reasons water and land temperature differ: Water has a higher specific heat. Water has a higher specific heat. Water reflects low angle insolation better. Water reflects low angle insolation better. Water is transparent => insolation penetrates more deeply, more quickly. Water is transparent => insolation penetrates more deeply, more quickly. Convection currents carry heat energy into hydrosphere => land heats faster than water and land cools faster than water. GOOD ABSORBERS ARE GOOD RADIATORS Convection currents carry heat energy into hydrosphere => land heats faster than water and land cools faster than water. GOOD ABSORBERS ARE GOOD RADIATORS

Insolation – Temperature Lag A time lag exists between time of greatest intensity and time of highest air temperature. WHY? A time lag exists between time of greatest intensity and time of highest air temperature. WHY? Ex. June at noon – Earth receives most solar energy but highest temperature is later. Ex. June at noon – Earth receives most solar energy but highest temperature is later. Because temperature depends on the balance between incoming energy and energy lost. Because temperature depends on the balance between incoming energy and energy lost. Even after maximum insolation, Earth continues to receive more energy than lost => temperature continues to rise during this ‘lag’ period. Even after maximum insolation, Earth continues to receive more energy than lost => temperature continues to rise during this ‘lag’ period. Following balance, energy lost > energy gained therefore about mid afternoon temperature drops. Following balance, energy lost > energy gained therefore about mid afternoon temperature drops.

Global Warming and The Greenhouse Effect

d.edu/earthguide/dia grams/greenhouse/ d.edu/earthguide/dia grams/greenhouse/ d.edu/earthguide/dia grams/greenhouse/ d.edu/earthguide/dia grams/greenhouse/ It is a natural effect on Earth It is a natural effect on Earth It is a natural effect on Venus It is a natural effect on Venus Without the Greenhouse Effect, Earth would not be habitable. Without the Greenhouse Effect, Earth would not be habitable.

Greenhouse Effect- Main points Three main gases in our atmosphere that contribute to the green house effect: Three main gases in our atmosphere that contribute to the green house effect: carbon dioxide, methane and water. carbon dioxide, methane and water. Absorb IR radiation emitted by earth and re-radiate the energy as heat back to earth. Absorb IR radiation emitted by earth and re-radiate the energy as heat back to earth. Natural BUT human activity has increased it drastically. Natural BUT human activity has increased it drastically.

Greenhouse vs Earth The glass = Earth’s atmosphere The glass = Earth’s atmosphere Inside greenhouse = conditions on Earth’s surface Inside greenhouse = conditions on Earth’s surface Incoming rays = visible, UV, IR Incoming rays = visible, UV, IR Outgoing rays = IR Outgoing rays = IR

Greenhouse Gases

What is Global Warming the Result of? Addition of more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere Addition of more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere Greenhouse gases added naturally to the atmosphere and used by humans in everyday activities. Greenhouse gases added naturally to the atmosphere and used by humans in everyday activities. Natural = volcanic activity, respiration Natural = volcanic activity, respiration Man-made = cars, industrial revolution Man-made = cars, industrial revolution

What are the Effects and What Can We do About It? Effects Warmer global temperatures Warmer global temperatures Melting of polar ice caps and glaciers Melting of polar ice caps and glaciers Rise in sea level Rise in sea level Climate change Climate change More Severe Weather More Severe Weather See: climate/globalwarming.html See: climate/globalwarming.html climate/globalwarming.html climate/globalwarming.html What we can do Lower your energy consumption Lower your energy consumption Reuse Reuse Recycle Recycle Lower your carbon footprint. Lower your carbon footprint. See: See: ke_action/become_carbon_neu tral.php ke_action/become_carbon_neu tral.php