Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Ribosome (attached) Nucleolus Ribosome (free) Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES _______  ___________ ___________

CELL THEORY CELL SIZE Cells life existing PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA 1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) 3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells Cells life existing PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA ___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS WITH Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES surrounded by MEMBRANES = _________________ Cells __________ a _____________ OR ORGANELLES surrounded by _______________ = ________________ WITHOUT NUCLEUS MEMBRANES EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES Bacterial Cell http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/welcome.html http://summit.k12.co.us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types.html

CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  HYDROPHOBIC  Image by Riedell

Oil and water don’t mix! Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM Scroll down to animation Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

CELL MEMBRANE PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________ (either inside or outside of cell) Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________ (can go part way in or all the way through) PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL

GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm

TRANSPORT PROTEINS help move substances across the cell membrane http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif Animations from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif More on this in Chapter 7-3

WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Acts as a boundary Controls what enters and leaves cell

Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif Click here to see Fluidity Animation Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing

CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Organelles suspended in gel-like goo ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm

CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) phospholipids proteins Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________ HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ & NON-POLAR tails facing ________ out BILAYER in MEMBRANE PROTEINS ____________________- stick on inside or outside surface ____________________- go part way or all the way through _________________ - recognize “self” _______________ PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL GLYCOPROTEINS TRANSPORT FUNCTION: SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE Membranes are _________________________________ (=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out ___________ what enters & leaves cell Helps with _________________ CONTROLS HOMEOSTASIS cytoplasm __________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane

NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE) DOUBLE MEMBRANE Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF

NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells

WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Genetic code tells the Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = __________ NUCLEOLUS Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg Dark spot in nucleus = __________ NUCLEOLUS Makes RNA for ribosomes

NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS DOUBLE ENVELOPE CONTROL PORES DNA RIBOSOMES Surrounded by ______________ MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR __________________ ___________ CENTER OF CELL Nuclear ___________ allow molecules in & out CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (_______) Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) ENVELOPE CONTROL PORES DNA RIBOSOMES CHROMOSOMES DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells. CHROMATIN DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells.

CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Help move organelles around Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

See Motor Proteins Motor proteins “walk” on CYTOSKELETON http://thevacationgals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Macys-Thanksgiving-Day-Parade-Balloon-Handlers-on-Parade-Route-NYC-nydailynews.com_.jpg Motor proteins “walk” on CYTOSKELETON to move structures in cells See Motor Proteins http://www.nat.vu.nl/en/sec/compl/research_motors.html

MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS CYTOSKELETON Made of PROTEINS called ______________ & _________________ FUNCTION: _________________________ ___________________________________ ________ proteins “walk” on CYTOSKELETON to move structures in cells. MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS Helps cell maintain shape; Support; Helps in movement MOTOR

CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to guide chromosomes apart

CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

CENTRIOLES guide chromosomes apart; MICROTUBULES ANIMAL Made of proteins CALLED _______________________ Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division Function:__________________________________ ANIMAL guide chromosomes apart;

MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg

MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical reactions Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe

MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg

WHAT DOES IT DO? “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP Image by: Riedell

MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA) DOUBLE Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ _______________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy released as ______ DNA Power plant GLUCOSE ATP Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions) CRISTAE

 RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins  Image by: RIedell Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg

RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

RIBOSOMES FREE in cytoplasm ATTACHED PROTEINS RNA MAKE PROTEINS Can be __________________ or __________ to Rough ER MADE OF ______________ & ________ FUNCTION: _____________________ PROTEINS RNA MAKE PROTEINS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network of hollow membrane tubules 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Has RIBOSOMES attached Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG Has NO ribosomes attached Has enzymes for special tasks

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif Makes membrane lipids (steroids) Regulates calcium (muscle cells) Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MEMBRANES Internal Network of ___________________ Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make _________________ which are modified and transported to Golgi for export Smooth ER: Makes membrane lipids (__________________) Regulates ________________ in muscles Breaks down _________________ in liver PROTEINS ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER (with ribosomes) (no ribosomes) STEROIDS CALCIUM TOXINS

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Pancake like membrane stacks Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h

Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi animation

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Looks like a “______________________” Made of ______________________ FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances from ER for ______________ or _______________ out of cell Stacks of pancakes = _________________ Membrane sacs that bud off = _______________ stack of pancakes membranes storage export CISTERNAE VESICLES

It’s ALL connected!

LYSOSOMES Digest food, unwanted molecules, Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action: Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

LYSOSOMES See LYSOSOME MOVIE Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________ APOPTOSIS Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells See animation http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg

Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses Cancer AIDS infection Transplant rejection http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm

Digestive enzymes LYSOSOMES Sac containing _________________________ FUNCTION: Digests __________________________________ Plays a role in ____________“Programmed cell death” Cell suicide for the good of the organism Digestive enzymes food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts; APOPTOSIS

FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg

FLAGELLA Help in cell movement

CILIA Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Move cell itself

CILIA Move substances past cells http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe

CILIA FLAGELLA WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Many short Few Long Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Few Long

CILIA & FLAGELLA MICROTUBULES Made of PROTEINS called _______________ organized in a _________ arrangement that help with ___________________ CILIA =________ & __________ FUNCTION: ______________________ ________________________________ FLAGELLA =______ & ________ FUNCTION: _________________ 9 + 2 MOVEMENT MANY SHORT move cells; move substances past cells FEW LONG Move cells

WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles Plant vs Animal cells

CELL WALL Supports and protects cell http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins Plant cell walls are mainly _____________ CELLULOSE

CELL WALL Cell membrane Found OUTSIDE the ____________________ Provides ____________ & ________________ SUPPORT PROTECTION CELLULOSE ___________________ makes plant cells sturdy Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________ FUNGI have cell walls made of __________ PEPTIDOGLYCAN CHITIN

VACUOLES Storage space Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif Storage space http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif

VACUOLES Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA

Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif 1

VACUOLES Storage space for: _______________ One huge in _______cells , WATER, proteins, waste carbohydrates,enzymes, One huge in _______cells , Many small vacuoles in _________ cells, Not in _________________ plant animal bacteria

CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg

CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis Contains own DNA

CHLOROPLAST DOUBLE Surrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ _____________ =membrane sacs inside Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS DNA THYLAKOIDS PHOTOSYNTHESIS PLANT

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell

WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? Cell wall NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DNA is circular No membrane bound organelles See video http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm

BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT… IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls! _______________ NOT CELLULOSE! More on this in Chapter 18! Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg PEPTIDOGLYCAN

WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cell Animal cell bacteria _________ > _____________ > ___________

DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane NO cell wall Cell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles Has lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centrioles NO centrioles NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST

BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES No membrane bound organelles Organelles with membranes BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES

USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Transport cell membranes, homeostasis Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts

Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa. Kingdoms Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes) describe the relationship between structure and function explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes) recognize that different structures perform different functions identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code define homeostasis;

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Transport cell membranes, homeostasis Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts