The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy Scientific Classification-the division of organisms into groups based on shared characteristics Taxonomy-The science of classifying organisms Carolus Linnaeus-“father of modern taxonomy” where organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their similarities to each other The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) Organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their similarities to each other 1707-1778

Binomial Nomenclature: “a two-name system” Ursus americanus American Black Bear Binomial Nomenclature: “a two-name system” First part of name: genus, first letter always capitalized Second part of name: species, first letter always lowercase Entire name is italicized Names submitted by original discoverer, and are generally Latin Binomial Nomenclature: “a two-name system” First part of name: genus first letter always capitalized Second part of name: species first letter always lowercase Entire name is underlined and italicized Names must be submitted for acceptance by original discoverer, and are generally Latin or Latinized

Latin names gives clues about the organism Canis lupus (wolf) Canis domesticus (dog) Latin names gives clues about the organism Canis lupus (wolf) Often Latin names contain clues about the type of organism being described. Canis domesticus And closely related organisms are often in the same genus, also giving clues about their names Canis lupus Some names are given after the discoverer, or the discovery location, or even a Latinized descriptive term in English

The Old System 5 Kingdom Classification System: Monera: all prokaryotes (no nucleus) Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists) Fungi: multi-cellular consumer, sessile,eukaryotes Plantae: multi-cellular producer, sessile, eukaryotes Animalia: multi-cellular consumer, motile eukaryotes 5 Kingdom Classification System: Monera: all prokaryotes Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists) Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile eukaryotes Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile eukaryotes Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile eukaryotes

6 Kingdom Proposal Eubacteria Archaebacteria 6 Kingdom Classification System Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria (formerly in kingdom monera) Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles (formerly in kingdom monera) Kingdom Protista (same) Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their species A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their species A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring

Dear King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda Taxa

3 Domain System: Archaea: prokaryotes (no nucleus) extremophiles, single-celled Eubacteria: prokaryotes ; true bacteria Eukarya: eukaryotes (true nucleus) Protista Fungi plants animals

Domain Archaea Formerly part of the kingdom monera Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteria Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)

Domain Archaea, Kingdom Archaea Single cell, no nucleus(prokaryotic) Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteria Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc) Reproduce asexually

Domain Eubacteria Formerly a part of the kingdom monera Name means “true bacteria” These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of cheese Bacilli Streptococcus Staphylococcus Dicoccus Spirilla

Domain Eubacteria, Kingdom Bacteria Single cell, no nucleus(prokaryotic) Name means “true bacteria” These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of cheese, yogurt Helpful and harmful Reproduce asexually, by binary fission

Domain Eukarya Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Kingdom Protista—consumers, producers & decomposers Eukaryotic (true nucleus), mostly unicellular, (some, like algae is multicellular)organisms, most reproduce asexually Animal-Like (Protozoans) Paramecium Giardia Fungus-Like Plant-Like Includes All Protists: Eukaryotic Unicellular Animal-Like Protists (protozoans) Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic) Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Green/Red/Brown Algae Fungus-Like Protists Examples: Water molds, slime molds Water Mold Slime Mold Diatom Euglena Green Algae Brown Algae Dinoflagellates

Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens Kingdom Fungi All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organisms Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil Eukaryotic (true nucleus), multicellular, (except yeast) heterotrophic (consumers), sessile(immobile) organisms, reproduce asexually Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens

Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Kingdom Plantae Primitive Plants Bryophyte (Moss) Pteridophyte(Fern) Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) All eukaryotic, multicellular, Autotrophic (makes own food), non-moving, organisms Produce their own food from sunlight, carbon dioxide & water, reproduce sexually & asexually Complex Plants All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide Common Phyla: Bryophyta (mosses) Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees) Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants Angiosperm; Dicot Angiosperm; Monocot

Animal Kingdom Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Nematoda Platyhelminthes All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms Common Phyla: Porifera (sponges, corral) Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals) Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) Nematoda (small unsegmented worms) Platyhelminthes

Arthropoda Chordata Annelida Molluska Echinodermata Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..) Annelida (segmented worms) Echinodermata (starfish and anemones) Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders) Chordata (those with spinal chords) Molluska Echinodermata

Animal Kingdom All eukaryotic (true nucleus), multicellular, heterotrophic (consumers) , motile (most able to move) organisms, reproduce sexually (most)

Branching Diagrams (cladograms) Branching diagrams show the close evolutionary relationships between organisms. As characteristics differ, branches in the diagram form.

Human Classification Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapien

Dichotomous Keys 1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2 1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 20 2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3 2b. Organism has no tail Go to # 35 3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger 3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion Used to help identify unknown specimen Work by asking yes or no questions whose answers lead the reader to the correct taxa for the organism

Dichotomous Key Try this one: 1a. Organism walks on all 4 legs (quadruped) 2 1b. Organism walks on 2 legs (biped) 8 2a. Organism has visible fur 3 2b. Organism has no visible fur 20 3a. Organism lives in warm climates 7 3b. Organism lives in cold climates 4 4a. Organism has brown or black fur Ursus americanus 4b. Organism has white fur Ursus maritimus