1 Physical Development of The Toddler Chapter 11 Page 290

2 Body Growth & Development Babies continue to grow quickly but not as quick as the first year Height & Weight Toddler grow at different rates Due to environment & heredity

3 Environment Diet Exercise Health Even emotions Heredity Genes determine height Weight

4 Years One and Two Growth slows after first year Most girls reach 53% of their adult height by age 2 Boys usually reach 50% of their adult height by 2 Often true that a tall 2 year old will be a tall adult and vice versa

5 Age 2 Slow and steady growth rate Gain 2 – 3 inches and 6 pounds per year Girls continue until about 11 Boys until 13

6 Other Body Changes 24 months, head is ¼ of total height Adult’s head is 1/10 th. See charts on page 292 Figure 11-2

7 Bones & Teeth Bones continue to become harder Degree of ossification not the same throughout the body Due to cartilage, bones are more flexible and less likely to break than an adult’s Fontanels (gap between skull bones, soft spots) are closed or almost closed Full set of deciduous teeth See page 294 Figure 11-5

8 Fat & Muscle Tissue Fat deposits under skin decreases rapidly between 9 and 30 months Chubby baby becomes more slender Muscle development (the lengthening and thickening of muscles is slow during the toddler stage)

9 Motor Development Large muscle development (refers to the development of trunk, arm and leg –Crawling, walking, jumping, running (gross motor skills)

10 Walking Around 1 st birthday may start walking unassisted Often girls walk before boys Pushing a baby to walk may not help and may hinder

11 Beginning Walkers Stand with feet wide apart Turn their feet outward and flex knees Walk on tiptoes Irregular steps, lurches, and weaves Tilted spine lead them to lean forward

12 Walking at Two Years May look like a run but it isn’t Rarely go around obstacles but over them Distraction leads to toddler falls

13 Running True running begins at 2 years of age Not skillful runners Tends to be awkward Can’t stop or start quickly

14 Jumping Moves arms backwards instead of using them to help the jump

15 Climbing As soon as they crawl or creep Between 15 to 18 months Hold to railing or hands Don’t change feet until after 2 nd birthday

16 Throwing & Catching Begin throwing by accident Forget to hold on to object Enjoy seeing object move through air Then start to throw on purpose Begins at age 1 Throw from sitting position first and then from standing position

17 Small-Muscle Development Hands, fingers (fine motor skills) Eye-hand coordination—what they see with the way they move their hands With time and experience, clumsy becomes more adept

18 By end of first year, babies can hold objects between thumb and index finger 12 – 18 months holds spoon Feed themselves and drink for themselves

19 12 – 18 Months Toddlers can: Remove hat and socks Insert large objects into holes Turn pages of a book several at a time Begin to fit objects together Build a tower of 2 to 3 soft blocks

20 2 years Hit pegs with a hammer Hold crayons and pencils Cannot hold or write with a crayon or pencil like an adult By this age shows definite hand deference (left vs right)

21 Summary Grow more slowly in second year than in first Toddler’s bones continue to harden Fat deposits under skin decrease Brain matures at a faster rate than other body organs Full set of baby teeth present shortly after 2 years

22 Toddlers refine gross-motor skills (walking, climbing, and throwing) New skills emerge (running, jumping off objects, catching) Fine-motor skills depend on child’s level of eye-hand coordination Show definite hand deference by 2 nd year

23 Activity Page 302 Do the questions 1 – 10 Put your name on the paper and turn them in

24 Brochure Develop a brochure explaining toddlers’ motor skills Include information on the order of learning Explain actions used in walking, running, and jumping

25 Find Equipment Visit websites and find toys and equipment which will provide activities a toddler could manipulate and enjoy safely Print out product information and photos to share with the class

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