Brazilian Political Parties The Struggle to Institutionalize

Brazilian Territory

Political Parties in Second Wave Democracy ( ) Attitude toward Getulio Vargas as the divide Pro Vargas ◦PTB (Brazilian Workers’ Party) top down ◦PSD` Anti Vargas ◦UDN (National Democratic Union) Personalism ◦Ademar de Barros (Sao Paulo) Social Progressive Party

Political Parties Under the Military Government: First Phase Elections of 1966: Vargas Parties Win Military Dictates Two Party System ◦ARENA ◦MDB

Military Regime Loses Control of Party System Modifications of November 1981 ◦Brizola & PDT ◦PT (Workers’ Party) and the metal workers (LULA) ◦Ivette Vargas – PTB (not same as earlier PTB) Split in Arena leads to election of Trancredo Neves

Military Regime Regains Control Jose Sarney ( ) ◦Leader of ARENA in the senate throughout most of military regime ◦Godfather of Northeast Brazil ◦Split from government party to form PFL (Liberal Front) PMBD (suspicious of Sarney but wanted patronage)

Transition to Competitive Party Politics Cruzado Plan brings economic stability and legitimizes Sarney November 1986 election ◦PMDB captures 22 governorships ◦PMDB controls constitutional convention Sarney’s backing away from Cruzado Plan discredits PMDB/PFL governing coalition

Presidential Elections 1989/90 Round 1 Left: Lula (PT) eclipses Brizola (PDT) Right: Collor unifies the right with the help of the media

Presidential Elections 1989/90 Round 2 Collor defeats Lula Collor Flies high & crashes

Brazilian Political Parties: After Collor: Left PT ◦National organization ◦Tied to labor union movement PDT ◦Regionally based (Rio de Janeiro/South) ◦Remnants of Vargas organizations PSB ◦Leftist intellectuals

Political Parties after Collor: The Brazilian Center ◦PSDB (Brazilian Social Democratic Party  Social Democratic ideology (center-left, similar to Democratic Party in the USA)  Formed in 1988 from PMDB dissidents  Led by Henrique Cardoso ◦PMDB  Successor to MDB  Tied to state political machines  Strongly personalist

Brazilian Political Parties after Collor: Center Right PTB (different than pre-1964 PTB) ◦Reorganized by Ivete Vargas in 1981 PFL (Liberal Front Party) ◦Split in Arena to back candidacy of Trancredo Neves PPB (Brazilian Progressive Party) ◦ formed in 1995 ◦Some ruminants of ARENA

1994 Presidential Election Itamar Franco as a caretaker president ◦Another accidental presidency ◦Fernando Henrique Cardoso as architect of economic recovery {Real Plan} Voting in 1994 ◦One Round Only  Cardoso 54%  Luis Inacio “Lula” de Silva 27%

President Fernando Henrique Carsodo  Rio de Janeiro native  Son of an Army officer  Spent much of the military regime in exile

Presidential Election of 1998 Fernando Henrique Cardoso Reelected ◦One Round Only  Luis Inacio “Lula” de Silva 32%  Cardoso 53% Winning coalition ◦Social Democrats (PSDB) ◦Liberal Front (PFL) party of Jose Sarney ◦Labor Party (PTB) party of Ivette Vargas

1998 Election Results

Presidential Election of 2002 Winner: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva  Birthplace: Caetes, Pernambuco (27 October 1945  Family migrated to Sao Paulo  Political Party (PT)  Coalition Partners  : PC do B, PRB, PMDB, PL, PSB, PP, PMNPRB PMDBPLPSB PPPMN

Summary of the 6 October and 27 October 2002 Brazil presidential election results Candidates Votes %1st round Votes % 2nd round Luis Ignacio Lula da Silva 39,436, ,772, (PT, PL, PC do B, PMN, PCB, PV)PTPLPC do BPMNPCBPV Jose Serra 19,694, , (PSDB, PMDB,PP) Anthony Garotinho 15,176, (PSB, PGT,PCB)

2006 Presidential Election Candidate of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) Resigned from his position as governor of Sao Paulo to run for president Geraldo Alckmin: Opposition to Lula

2006 Presidential Election: Lula again – two rounds

2010 -Presidential Debate: Round 1

Lula Backs Dilma 1000%

Presidential candidateRunning mate First Round October 3October 3 Popular vote AbsolutePercentage Dilma RousseffDilma Rousseff (PT)PTMichel TemerMichel Temer (PMDB)PMDB47,651, % José SerraJosé Serra (PSDB)PSDBIndio da CostaIndio da Costa (DEM)DEM33,132, % Marina SilvaMarina Silva (PV)PVGuilherme LealGuilherme Leal (PV)PV19,636, % Plínio de Arruda SampaioPlínio de Arruda Sampaio (PSOL)PSOLHamilton Assis (PSOLPSOL886, % José Maria EymaelJosé Maria Eymael (PSDC)PSDCJosé Paulo da Silva Neto (PSDC)PSDC89, % José Maria de AlmeidaJosé Maria de Almeida (PSTU)PSTUCláudia Durans (PSTU)PSTU84, % Levy Fidélix (PRTB)PRTBLuiz Eduardo Ayres Duarte (PRTB)PRTB57, % Ivan PinheiroIvan Pinheiro (PCB)PCBEdmilson Costa (PCB)PCB39, % Rui Costa PimentaRui Costa Pimenta (PCO)PCOEdson Dorta Silva (PCO)PCO12, % Valid votes 101,590, % → Blank votes3,479, % → Null votes6,124, % Total votes111,193, % → Abstention24,610, % Electorate135,804, %

Round 2 Presidential – 2010 Nominee Dilma Rousseff José Serra PartyPTPSDB Home stateMinas GeraisSão Paulo Running mateMichel TemerIndio da Costa States carried15 + DFDF11 Popular vote55,752,48343,711,162 Percentage56.05%43.95%

Geographic Distribution of Support: Round 2 – Presidential 2010

Hundreds of supporters celebrate Dilma Rousseff's victory on Paulista Avenue in São Paulo Hundreds of supporters celebrate Dilma Rousseff's victory on Paulista Avenue in São Paulo