Updated PowerPoint for B day classes Emotion & Stress

When Motives Conflict approach-approach conflict avoidance-avoidance conflict approach-avoidance conflict Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts

Emotion

Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

Emotion Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress. The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously. They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely that the other two theories. They happen at the same time but… People who are already physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli. Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.

Theories of emotions

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic nervous system arousing Parasympathetic nervous system Calming Moderate arousal is ideal

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions Differences in brain activity Amygdala Frontal lobes Nucleus accumbens Polygraph

Polygraph = a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion Spill over effect Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it

Cognition and Emotion Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion Influence of the amygdala

Detecting Emotion Nonverbal cues Duchenne smile

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Culture and Emotional Expression

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial Feedback : the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.

Fear Adaptive value of fear The biology of fear amygdala

Anger Anger Evoked by events Catharsis: emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. Expressing anger can increase anger

When we are happy Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon: people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. Well-being: self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

Happiness The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs Watson’s studies

Happiness Two Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison Happiness and Prior Experience Adaptation-level phenomenon our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. Happiness and others’ attainments Relative deprivation the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

Happiness Predictors of Happiness

Stress = the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. Eustress = good stress

Stress Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) Life Changing Units (LCUs)- marriage, change job, etc… The more LCUs you have the higher your score is on the SRRS. Those who score higher are more likely to have stress related disease.

Health Psychology = a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

Behavioral Medicine = an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease.

Stress and Illness Stress appraisal

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Describes our response to a stressful event Three stages Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress and Illness Stressful Life Events Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles

Stress and the Heart Coronary Heart Disease = the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.

Stress and the Heart Type A versus Type B Type A: Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. Type B: Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Psychophysiological Illness = literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) = the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) Lymphocytes the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Stress and AIDS Stress and Cancer