The Ottoman Empire AP World History By Melissa, Jacob, Miranda, Lance, Katherine, and Karl

Expansion and Frontiers Ottoman civilization began in northwest Anatolia Islamic Expansion caused by three things: 1-shrewdness of Osman, the founder 2-control of the Dardanelles Strait, a strategic link between Europe and Asia 3-advanced military techniques Controlled much of southeast Asia by 1402 Defeated Byzantine empire when captured Constantinople in 1453 Red Sea was the southern frontier started pushing into Venice Allowed some conquered lands to rule their own territory and pay an annual tribute.

Crisis of the Military state military technology evovled and created higher demand for light wieght fire-arms and cannons. Sultan reduced the number of landholding cavalrymen money that was spent on living expenses and military equipment went to imperial treasury. A flood of cheap silver for the new World affected landholders The government raised taxes to pay for Janissary and bureaucrats.

Economic Change and Growing Weakness The Sultan gets out less, stays in palace Janissaries gained power, became more involved in urban politics Land grants disappeared, tax farming began Greater imperial administrative burden due to tax farming Facilitated by rural administrative breakdown, the port of Izmir (Smyrna) gained more trade and greater ethnic diversity Most trade goods went to Aleppo, so Izmir switched from sustenance crops to cash crops Janissaries became weakened and military power ebbed Non-Europeans got shafted with up to five times the tax percentage compared to Europeans

Central Institutions Empire became cosmopolitan Christian POW's served as military slaves Janissaries: o new troops ("yeni cheri" in Turkish) o willingly accepted the idea of fighting on foot and learning to use guns o lived in barracks o trained all year o barred from getting married and holding jobs Devshirme: o new training selection Osmanli: o sophisticated court language o shared basic grammar/vocabulary with Turkish spoken by Anatolia's nomads and villagers Askeri: o military class o people who served in the military or bureaucracy and spoke Osmanli o exempt from paying taxes Most powerful/organized state state in Europe/Islamic world Strong military, primarily Turks supported by Janissaries of Turkified Albanians, Serbs, and Macedonians Greek, Turkish, Algerian, and Tunisian, sailors manned the navy Resident cavalrymen collected taxes in Anatolia and the Balkans Ottoman outlook- o Sultan provided justice and military to reaya in return for taxes o Arab, Turkish and Balkan townsfolk found justice in religious law courts, and on local notables to represent them o Islam grew in balkans and became the majority religion, thus Shari'a law, which was interpreted by local ulama, made it's way into unrban institutions and social life o Non-Muslims also looked to religious leaders.