N4 CHEMISTRY N4 CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE THE ATOM.

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N4 CHEMISTRY N4 CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE THE ATOM

N4 N4 THE ATOM ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY N4 CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE THE ATOM After completing this topic you should be able to : State that every element is made up of very small particles called atoms. Describe the structure of the atom as having a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, with electrons moving around the nucleus. State protons have a charge of one-positive, neutrons are neutral and electrons have a charge of one-negative. State an atom is neutral because the numbers of protons and electrons are equal. State that atoms of different elements have a different number of protons, called the atomic number.

Democritus (about 480 – 370 BC) THE ATOM HISTORY OF THE ATOM Democritus (about 480 – 370 BC) The term atom was first used by the Greek philosopher called Democritus. Democritus thought that if a substance is broken up into smaller and smaller pieces, eventually a stage would be reached where a tiny particle of the substance would exist that could not be broken down. He called this tiny particle an ATOM. From the Greek word “atomos,” this means indivisible. All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

HISTORY OF THE ATOM It took over 2000 years before the idea of matter and atoms was used again. John Dalton (1766 – 1844) In 1803, a scientist called John Dalton put forward his ideas on elements and atoms. John Dalton’s ideas: All substances are made of tiny particles called ATOMS. All atoms of one element are exactly the same. Atoms of different elements join together to form compounds. Atoms cannot be broken down into anything smaller.

John Dalton thought an atom was like a tiny ball. John Dalton’s model of the atom. The discovery of radioactivity in the latter part of the 19th century showed that atoms were made of smaller particles. Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937) In 1911, a new model of the atom was put forward by a scientist called Ernest Rutherford.

+ Ernest Rutherford’s model of the atom was: Ernest Rutherford’s atom The atom is mostly made of empty space. At the centre of the atom is a tiny POSITIVELY charged particle called the NUCLEUS. + Moving round the nucleus are even smaller particles called ELECTRONS. Negatively charged electron moving round the nucleus Positively charged nucleus Electrons carry a NEGATIVE charge. The positive charge of the nucleus comes from positively charged particles called protons.

C 6 + + + + + + 6+ ATOMIC NUMBER All elements are arranged on the Periodic Table by their ATOMIC NUMBER. The atomic number gives the following information about an atom. The size of the positive charge (number of protons) in the nucleus. The number of negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus. atomic number 6 electrons orbit the nucleus. 6 C carbon 6+ Nucleus has 6+ charge. Nucleus contains 6 protons. + + + + + +

THE NEUTRON James Chadwick (1891 – 1974) In 1932, James Chadwick discovered that atoms contained a third particle called the NEUTRON. The neutron is found in the nucleus of the atom and has zero charge, it is neutral. The neutron has the same mass as a proton. SUMMARY The atom is made from three smaller particles. + Proton Both particles have the same mass and are located in the nucleus of an atom. Neutron Has a nearly zero mass and orbits the nucleus. Electron

Li 3 + + + + STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM Lithium Atom Atomic Number 3 electrons + Proton 3 protons + Neutron + + Electron This lithium atom contains 4 neutrons The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Though atoms are made of charged particles they have no overall charge. They are NEUTRAL. The POSITIVE charge of the protons in the nucleus is CANCELLED OUT by the NEGATIVELY charged electrons.

DICTIONARY - ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC NUMBER is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Since atoms are electrically neutral, the atomic number also tells you the number of electrons.