Genetics

Outline DNA Structure Replication (not in detail) DNA and RNA Overview Transcription Overview Translation Some important details of transcription & translation Overview of DNA and Cell Division The cell cycle Human Somatic: Diploid Cells and mitosis Human Reproductive: Haploid Cells and meiosis Patterns of Inheritance Autosomal diseases Sex linked diseases Cancer and DNA Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

DNA structure G=Guanine C=Cytosine T=Thymine A=Adenine Humans have ~ 3.5 billion base pairs! “complementation”

Another Example of: DNA Complementation

RNA structure G=Guanine C=Cytosine U=Uracil A=Adenine

DNA RNA TO Transcription

Overview: Transcription & Translation

Some Important Details Of: Transcription exons versus introns

There are different types of RNA Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA Various shapes=various functions

Basic steps & players of translation mRNA rRNA tRNA Codon= mRNA triplet

Proteins: modified and transported

Part 2: The Human Somatic Cell 44 autosomes 2 sex chromosomes 23 pairs of human chromosomes Xy male Contains: 46 CHROMOSOMES or 23 pairs of chromosomes

The Cell Cycle

Mitosis: cellular division of somatic cells to give 2 diploid cells prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

Meiosis: cellular division of reproductive cells that results in haploid cells  Sperm  Ova Reproductive cells=gametes=germ cells Sperm Ovum or

Haploid: 23 chromosomes Ovum being fertilized by sperm 22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosome Haploid + haploid = diploid 23 chromosomes

Part 3. Pattern of Inheritance Autosomal traits Recessive Dominant Co-dominant Partial dominance Sex linked traits X linked Y linked

Inheritance of traits: terms Autosomal traits Recessive Dominant Co-dominant Partial dominance Sex linked traits X linked Y linked Each gene normally has 2 alleles

Inheritance of traits Blood types Eye color Hair color Autosomal co-dominant Autosomal

Can be: Somatic mutations Or Germ Line mutations One of many possible causes

Mutations can be recessive or dominant

Genetic Diseases Huntington Disease Autosomal Dominant Autosomal Recessive

hypercholesterolemia Color Blindness Autosomal dominant X-linked recessive

Examples of Basic Genetic Problems Autosomal Recessive: Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square C c C c CC CcCc CcCc cc

Examples of Basic Genetic Problems Sex linked X linked trait of hemophilia

Polygenic Disorders Down Syndrome

Polygenic Disorders Klinefelter Syndrome

Polygenic Disorders

Part 4. Mutations and Cancer Uncontrolled cell growth

Apotosis Apoptosis: programmed cell death Uncontrolled cell growth Uncontrolled Cell growth

Risk Factors Viruses ? Aging Family History Exposure to carcinognes Lung Cancer

Risk Factors Family History Unknown ?

Detection and Prevention Early Detection of mutations Prevention of exposure to carcinogens