Unit 3: Exploration & Colonization of Georgia Georgia Performance Standards: SS8H1b: Evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American culture; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands and the explorations of Hernando DeSoto.

The First Five September 9, 2014 Write the Agenda Message Today’s Warm-up: What were the 3 main reasons for exploration to the New World (3Gs)? Explain each reason.

The 1st Five September 6, 2013 Write the agenda message Copy K-W-L Chart in your composition book

Frayer Models: Unit 3 Vocabulary Frayer Model Template Define the following terms using the Frayer Model template: Renaissance Mission Conquistador Christopher Columbus Juan Ponce de Leon Gulf Stream Hernando de Soto Vocabulary Word Example: Definition Example: Spanish churches created in North America used to spread Catholicism. Facts/Characteristics Taught Native Americans Spanish. Created settlements Picture/Example Mission

Reasons for Exploration The Renaissance, a “rebirth” and a time of new ideas in Europe, brought about changes in learning, religion, and trade. It began in Italy in 1350. Learning After the Middle Ages (800-1300s), there was an interest in art, math, science, literature, & politics by Europeans. Religion Europeans began to study & question Christianity, plus the role of the Catholic Church. Trade Europeans wanted new spices and silk fabrics that were found in Asia. Trade created wealth for businessmen/merchants.

Reasons for Exploration Spices were in great demand by Europeans because: Meat and fish spoiled too quickly, due to no refrigeration Spices such as salt, pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves helped to preserve food longer It flavored foods making them tastier

Reasons for Exploration Customers wanted exotic spices and fabrics from Asia, but transporting spices across great distances by land cost too much money. Business owners wanted to make bigger profits = More money Therefore, a shortcut was needed to get merchandise from Asia to Europe = Supply & Demand

Reasons for Exploration The 3 main reasons that kings and queens (monarchs) financed expeditions (trips) to the New World: God: To spread Christianity to more people. Gold: To find riches (Gold, silver, precious stones, & exotic trinkets). Glory: To become historically famous and to add more territory to their kingdom. (http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=cd6df36d-b595-40f0-8064-d6c6b885a409)

The First Five September 9, 2014 Write the Agenda Message Today’s Warm-up: What were the 3 main reasons for exploration to the New World (3Gs)? Explain each reason.

Spanish/Portuguese Explorers Chart Refer to pages 40-44 Name________________ Date_________________ Class _________________ Name of Explorer Area Explored End Results Vasco da Gama Christopher Columbus Juan Ponce de León Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón Hernando De Soto Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

Portuguese Explorers Portuguese explorers continued to travel farther down the coast of Africa. 1488-Bartolomeu Dias traveled around the southern tip of Africa. The Portuguese named the tip the Cape of Good Hope. 1497-Vasco da Gama and his sailors were the 1st Europeans to discover a sea route to Asia. Portugal became the leader of exploration.

European Exploration Spain, France, and England wanted to compete with Portugal to discover new sea routes, too! Rule #1-If you controlled the seas, then you controlled trade with Asia= Power & Wealth

The First Five September 11, 2013 Write the Agenda Message Today’s Warm-up: Read & complete the September 11th worksheet (www.edhelper.com, 2013)

Spanish Conquistadors Conquistador- a Spanish explorer and conqueror who sought to destroy and take over existing cultures in the Americas in the 1500s. As they explored the Americas, they used guns and swords to defeat Native Americans. While the Native Americans used bows & arrows, and stone tools. Without knowing it, these explorers carried diseases with them (smallpox, malaria, and measles). These diseases killed many of the natives in the Americas.

Christopher Columbus August 1492-Italian Christopher Columbus and his group of ships (Santa Maria, Pinta, & Niña) left Spain to find spices and gold for King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella. October 12, 1492- He found islands which he thought were part of the Caribbean (A.K.A. West Indies).  He brought back Native Americans (mistakenly calling them “Indians”).  He did not find much gold. The King and Queen of Spain named him, Admiral of the Ocean Sea.

Exploration by Spain Due to Christopher Columbus’s success in the New World, Spain began to finance more voyages to the Americas. Spain began to claim more territory and riches than England and France. Juan Ponce de León was determined to find the “Fountain of Youth” in Florida (claimed for Spain). He came to Florida as early as 1513. Ponce de León discovered a powerful ocean current called the Gulf Stream. This ocean current flows from the Gulf of Mexico north along the eastern coast before turning east toward Europe…This helped explorers get back home to Europe quicker!

Exploration by Spain Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón tried to create the first Spanish settlement along the east coast. 1521-He settled in present day North Carolina and then moved on to South Carolina. 1526-He started a colony named San Miguel de Gauldape off the coast of present day Georgia, but it lasted for only one year. Many of the settlers and Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón died at the San Miguel de Gauldape colony.

The First Five September 12, 2013 Write the Agenda Message Today’s Warm-up: 3-2-1 Response What were the 3 reasons for exploration to the North America (3Gs)? What were 2 ways that the Renaissance Period encouraged European exploration? What is 1 reason why business owners wanted to find a shortcut to Asia?

Hernando DeSoto 1540-Hernando De Soto and his army (about 600 men) were the 1st Europeans to enter what is now known as Georgia. They were also the 1st Europeans to cross the Appalachian Mountains. The Spaniards marched through Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina, but never found the gold they sought. They brutally killed many Native Americans. Four years later, De Soto died after sustaining injuries during battle and his men never found cities of gold. Half of his army died during the expedition.

Spanish Missions in Georgia Spain built missions, churches, with small communities around them. They were built along the Atlantic coast in an attempt to bring Christianity to the Indians. Also, the missions helped to keep French explorers and army off the coast. 1566-Pedro Menéndez de Avilés started a mission on St. Catherine’s Island called the Guale Mission. Spain controlled the coast and southern part of Georgia for 100+ years with missions and military posts. By 1700, Spain controlled much of the Americas (South America, Central America, and Mexico).

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés created this mission

Ticket Out the Door Comprehension Check Questions What are the 3 Gs of Exploration and what was the purpose for each “G”? (2) What was Hernando De Soto searching for in the southeastern area of North America? (3) De Soto’s army became famous for being the 1st Europeans to cross the _____________ in North America. (4) What was the purpose of Spanish missions?

The First Five September 13, 2013 Write the Agenda Message Today’s Warm-up: Take out your homework response Be prepared to share it with your classmates

English Explorations in North America Georgia Performance Standards: SS8H1c: Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and the British in the southeastern area.

Unit 3 Vocabulary Terms Part II 6. Malcontent: Not satisfied or content with current conditions or circumstances. 7. Mercantilism: An economic theory in which government controls trade and attempts to transfer wealth from colonies to the home country. 8. Indentured Servant: A person who sold his or her labor to a person in return for passage to the New World. 9. Monopoly: A company that eliminates it competition and controls an industry. 10. Trustee: A person who is appointed to take care of business or property for the benefit of someone else. 11. Charter: A written contract issued by a government giving the holder the right to create a company or colony.

Exploration by England People from England wanted to find a new home in America because of: Population= Overcrowded cities Food Shortage = The English countryside could not produce enough food for all the people. Religious Freedom = Some people did want to practice the religion of the Church of England. Mercantilism = Wanted new economic opportunities (more chances to sell and buy things)

Exploration by England Spain and England were enemies and competitors. Spain’s official religion was Catholicism and England’s was Protestant. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, their navies fought a major battle at sea and England won…ENGLAND BECOMES THE MOST POWERFUL COUNTRY IN THE WORLD! Remember: If you control the sea, you have the most power! Now, England wanted to create its own colonies in North America.

Failed Exploration by England 1585-Queen Elizabeth I gave Sir Walter Raleigh permission to start a colony in Virginia, at Roanoke Island. This colony was not successful, because the settlers ran out of food and supplies. The colonist disappeared without a trace; therefore, it is known as the “Lost Colony.”

English Colonies in North America 1607-King James I granted two charters with businesses to create colonies. Charter: A written contract issued by a government that grants special rights and privileges. The colony named Jamestown was started in Virginia with 100 people. John Smith was the leader of Jamestown. 1612-A new type of tobacco was developed at Jamestown and became popular in England. Indentured servants came to Jamestown for a better life. An indentured servant is a person who agree to be someone’s servant so they will pay for them to go to the New World. 1619-The 1st African slaves were brought to Jamestown. This was England’s 1st successful colony!

Other English Colonies 1620- English pilgrims landed at Plymouth. 1663- Carolina became a colony. 1670- English settlers created Charlestown (name was changed to Charleston). 1685- The English settlers of Charlestown allows the French Huguenots to move in (wanted religious freedom). 1700s- The English and Spanish fought over land from South Carolina to Georgia.

English Colonies in North America By the 1700’s, the French and Spanish had lost power in Georgia. The English controlled all guns and products to the Native Americans. (Monopoly- a company that eliminates it competition and controls an industry) English traders began to cheat and mistreat the Native Americans because the English had all the power. That is the problem with a monopoly! 1715- The Yamasee tribe (Creek Indians) led an attack against the English traders of Carolina. The English settlers were able to beat the Yamasees and force them to move to the area known as Alabama.

New World-Old World Exchanges Both the New World (North and South America) and the Old World (Europe) benefited from exploration. Old World Benefits New World Benefits Agricultural Products – Rye, radishes, beets, sugar cane, rice, peaches, and wheat all came from Europe to the New World. Animals – Horses, chickens, pigs, oxen, sheep, goats, and cattle all came from Europe to the New World. Many of these animals destroyed the land and led to the extinction of some native animals. Agricultural Products – Corn, white potatoes, yams (sweet potatoes), peanuts, and pumpkins all came from the New World and were taken to Europe. Animals – Turkeys were brought from the New World and taken to Europe.

The Creation of Georgia SS8H2: The student will analyze the colonial period of Georgia History. Explain the importance of James Oglethorpe, the Charter of 1732, reasons settlement (charity, economics, and defense), Tomochichi, Mary Musgrove, and the city of Savannah.

The Creation of Georgia England wanted a barrier between the Spanish colonies in Florida and the English colonists in Carolina. 1717- Sir Robert Montgomery proposed (thought of) a new colony built in the area now known as Georgia. This proposed colony was called Azilia. Due to fears of attacks from the Native Americans and the Spanish in Florida, Azilia was never created.

James Oglethorpe James Oglethorpe was born in England in 1696. He was elected into Parliament at 25 years old. He wanted reform (change) in the Jail System in England. One of Oglethorpe’s friends was put in debtor prison (a person who owes someone money that they can not pay back). His friend died in prison. James Oglethorpe is considered the founder and father of Georgia.

The Creation of Georgia At this time, people in England could go to prison for being in debt (owing money). James Oglethorpe asked King George II for permission to create a colony between South Carolina and Florida to send debtors instead of prison. Also, this proposed colony would ease: Overcrowding population in England Solve the homeless problem in England Provide work opportunities for the unemployed people of England.

The Creation of Georgia 1730- James Oglethorpe and 20 other important men became trustees of Georgia (named in honor of King George II). 1732- The trustees decided to only allow “worthy poor” people with good character to move to Georgia. James Edward Oglethorpe King George II

Why Georgia? 1. Charity – relief for debtors and the “worthy” poor (humanitarian effort) 2. Economics (money) – a self-supporting colony that would provide cheap natural resources for Britain 3. Defense - protection between FL and Charleston; easy to defend because of geography – think regions!

Charter of 1732 In 1732, King George II created a charter allowing 21 Trustees to create a Georgia colony and oversee it (take care of it) for 21 years. It included the land between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers and extended west to the Pacific Ocean.

Charter of 1732- Primary Document

The Creation of Georgia Georgia’s 21 trustees created the following rules: The trustee could not own land in Georgia Only men could inherit land No liquor No Catholics No slavery No lawyers No gambling 115 settlers and James Oglethorpe traveled 2 months to Georgia.

Who is allowed to go? Those who were selected were hardworking people, just down on their luck. 35 Families were selected No debtors were selected!! Those chosen were promised 50 acres of land, tools, and enough food for one year. They needed skilled colonists: Farmers, Carpenters, Tailors, Bakers, & Merchants

The Creation of Georgia The 21 Trustees reached Yamacraw Bluff (modern day Savannah) and met John & Mary Musgrove, Yamacraw Indians (Creek Indians), and Chief Tomochichi. Oglethorpe formed a treaty with Chief Tomochichi in order to settle at Yamacraw Bluff. This area had an excellent view and it was close to the trading post store (owned by John & Mary Musgrove). Oglethorpe and others went back to Charlestown to bring the colonists to Georgia. February 12, 1733-They arrive at Yamacraw Bluff (colonists named it Savannah). Treaty of Savannah was signed by Oglethorpe and group of Creek Chiefs…The Creek Indians gave the colonists the land and the colonists agreed to trade with the Creeks at set prices.

Tomochichi and Mary Musgrove Oglethorpe became friends with Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraw Indians (Creek Indians). The Yamacraw Indians were struggling to survive. Tomochichi believed that Oglethorpe would benefit his people and form a new trading partnership. Mary Musgrove and her husband John created a trading post (a place to trade goods) near the Yamacraw Bluff (Savannah) where they would trade British goods with the Native Americans. Tomochichi spoke very little English so Mary Musgrove served as the interpreter between Oglethorpe and Tomochichi.

City of Savannah Built along Yamacraw bluff on the Savannah River. 1st planned city in the New World. First year 25% of the settlers died due to contaminated drinking water. They died of dysentery.

The Salzburgers Arrive in GA Forty original settlers died in the first year (including the doctor), so new people were brought from Europe. Salzburgers – In 1733, a group of German protestants from Salzburg, Germany arrived. They came to America for religious freedom. They created a town near Savannah called Ebenezer. In 1733, Dr. Samuel Nunes, a Jewish doctor, was allowed to live and work in Georgia. Oglethorpe and Chief Tomochichi returned from a trip to England in 1736 with 300 more settlers, including religious leaders John and Charles Wesley. They created the Methodist religion in Savannah, GA.

The Highland Scots and the Malcontents The Highland Scots (from Scotland) arrived and settled in Darien, GA in 1735. Some of the Highland Scots became unhappy with the Trustees and the colony rules. They became known as the Malcontents. Malcontents wanted to purchase additional land and enslave Native Americans to help them achieve greater wealth.

Spanish Threat from Florida After the explorations of Hernando DeSoto and other Spanish conquistadors, Florida was colonized by Spain. The Spanish were interested in the land north of their colony that later became Georgia. The British built Fort Frederica in Georgia in an effort to protect the colony. Georgian soldiers led an attack on St. Augustine, Florida in 1740. Two years later the Spanish attacked Fort Frederica.

Battle of Bloody Marsh The Battle of Bloody Marsh was the main battle between British Georgia and Spanish Florida. Oglethorpe led the Georgia soldiers to victory (though he did not capture St. Augustine) and Spain never again attacked a British colony on the eastern coast. Georgia had 650 troops & Spanish Florida had 2,000 troops. Oglethorpe placed soldiers on the left and right sides of the road. While the Spanish were marching through, Oglethorpe’s soldiers attacked and won the battle.

Marshes

End of the Trustee Period In 1743, Oglethorpe was called to Great Britain facing charges that he had not acted correctly when he failed to capture St. Augustine. Many changes happened in Georgia at this time: People were also allowed to begin buying and selling rum (alcohol) in 1742. People wanted to own more land and slaves. By 1750, land laws (each person could only own 500 acres of land) and anti-slavery laws were repealed (gotten rid of). People were now able to own as much land and as many slaves as they could afford. In 1752, one year before the end of the Charter of 1732, the trustees returned Georgia to King George II and Georgia became a Royal Colony.

Georgia’s Change in Government Georgia became a Royal Colony when the Trustee Period ended in 1752. Royal Colony – Colony overseen (taken care of) by the king/queen of England.

Three Royal Governors: John Reynolds John Reynolds – Georgia’s first royal governor Governor from 1754 to 1757 Governor Reynolds created a bicameral (two houses) legislature and the creation of a court system. Due to a disagreement between Governor Reynolds and the legislature, the legislature was sent home. Reynolds tried and failed to rule Georgia himself. The British Parliament fired Reynolds in 1757 and said that he was not good at his job.

Three Royal Governors: Henry Ellis Henry Ellis – Georgia’s second royal governor Governed from 1757-1760 Governor Ellis tried to learn from the mistakes of John Reynolds. Ellis set up a budget and kept track of trade with the Native Americans. During this time, the size of the colony of Georgia. By 1759, the colony had increased to over 10,000 people, including 3,600 slaves. In 1759, Henry Ellis became ill and returned to Great Britain. He was replaced as the governor of Georgia in 1760.

Three Royal Governors: James Wright James Wright – Georgia’s third (and last) royal governor Governed from 1760-1776 After the French and Indian War ended in 1763, Georgia gained a large amount of land. James Wright was the Royal Governor of Georgia until the Revolutionary War.

Failures & Gains of Colony Few debtors ever reached colony’s shores.   Colony was an economic failure (did not make money). Many colonists moved elsewhere. Rum and slavery were eventually introduced after all. Lack of leadership after Oglethorpe left. The colony had 4 different leaders before it became a Royal Colony. 5,500 people settled in Georgia and built new homes to start their lives. Protestants were able to practice their religion freely. Georgia and Carolina were safe from Spanish invasion and had worked out treaties with Indians. Colonists gained ownership of land and women could inherit property.   Colony survived despite hardships of the first 20 years.