Ch. 33 Notes: Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems

Objectives 10A describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or illness in animals; 10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system; 11A describe the role of internal feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of homeostasis

Skeletal System  Skeletal System  The skeletal system includes bones and tissues that are important for supporting, protecting, and moving your body  Also store minerals and produce blood cells

 Your skeletal system is made up of two systems  Appendicular skeleton- limbs and pelvis that aid in movement (white)  Axial skeleton- head and spine that support body weight and protect organs (red)

 Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found between your bones that allows for smooth movements cartilage

 Bones connect to form joints  Gliding joints- ankle and wrist  Pivot joints- all rotation, your head  Ball-and-socket joint - almost any direction- arms and legs  Saddle joint- limited ball and socket, like your thumb  Hinge joint- one directional movement, your knees

 Bones are living tissue !  Compact bone- hard outer tissues  Spongy bone- porous tissues that protects the red marrow- site of new blood cell creation

Muscular System  Muscles are tissues that enable movement  Bones with the skeletal system  Food through the digestive system  Blood through the circulatory system  Fluids through the excretory system

 Humans have 3 types of muscle  Skeletal - attached to bones by tendons (a connective tissue), aid in voluntary movement, squared shaped cells with multiple nuclei  Smooth - moves food through the digestive system and controls the width of blood vessels. Involuntary muscle with one nucleus  Cardiac - found only in the heart, oval shaped cells with many nuclei and lots of mitochondria  Note: calcium ions are necessary for muscle contraction (movement)

Muscle types SKELETAL MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE

Integumentary System  The integumentary system has many tissues that protect the body and maintain homeostasis  It’s your skin, hair, nails, oil and sweat glands!  Protects body surface and acts as a barrier against infection Finger nail!!!

Integumentary System  Helps to remove substances from the body too  Water  Salts  Urea (pit stains!)

 Layers  Epidermis - outermost layer of skin  Made of dead skin cells  Keratin - protein that makes skin harder  Melanin - dark pigment that absorbs UV light  Dermis- inner layer of skin  Home of the sweat and oil glands, and hair follicles  Regulates body temperature  Subcutaneous fat layer  Protects and cushions larger blood vessels and neurons, and insulates muscles and organs

dermis hair follicle oil gland pressure receptors sweat gland epidermis Subcutaneous Fat layer