Gerunds, Participles, Infinitives

please write the sentences out Warm up- please write the sentences out 1. What is the correct way to punctuate this sentence? There are a couple reasons why I did not go trick or treating last night I had too much homework and my costume ripped. 2. Choose the words that best fit the sentence. Which one of the kids know/knows how to write an essay good/well?

9 th warm up Which is the correct way to write the underlined part of this sentence? Yesterday, my mother said she could of put the dishes in the dishwasher. A. she would of B. she could have C. she might of D. Leave as is.

Learning Objective SWBAT: Classify gerund, participial, infinitive, and prepositional clauses.

Participle The participle is a word that is formed from a verb but used as an adjective. Participles are used to combine ideas to make a sentence concise: Here is an example. These sentences are considered independent clauses; they each have a subject and verb and are independent ideas. Because both of these sentences have the same subject, these sentences can be combined by using a participle; the sentence becomes more effectively expressed by becoming concise: s v The student concentrated. s v adj n She wrote a clever story.

This sentence can be combined in different ways to be more effective: Two independent clauses joined by a semi-colon: s v s v adj n The student concentrated; she wrote a clever story. OR… Take the verb in the first clause and turn it into a participle, an adjective that describes the subject: participle s v adj n Concentrating, the student wrote a clever story. ***This sentence effectively combines both ideas. Ooo… aahh

Participial Phrase The participial phrase includes the same participle that describes the subject, but adds another descriptor such as an adverb that describes the participle, or an adverbial prepositional phrase that describes the participle: participle adv Concentrating intently, the student wrote a clever story. Concentrating intently is a participial phrase; sentences that begin with a participial phrase ALWAYS use a COMMA!

Sentence Structure of the Week: Introductory participial phrase that describes the subject in an independent clause: Concentrating intently, the student wrote a clever story. Participial phrase Independent clause REMEMBER: The difference between a phrase and a clause is simply this… The phrase NEVER has a subject and verb, the clause ALWAYS has a subject and verb.

1. Hurriedly fastening his backpack, Joe rushed off to school. 2. The frozen fish was an easy meal for Jim to cook. 3. Staring at the items on the sales rack, Jill could not make a quick decision. 4. The car, damaged by the hailstorm, was taken to the body shop. 5. The woman wearing the blue sweater is Jack’s mother.

Gerund A gerund is a verb that ALWAYS ends in -ing that is used as a noun Swimming is her favorite activity. Studying requires mental energy. N/sub/gerund lv adj pred. noun n/sub/gerund v adj noun/d.o

Gerund Phrase A gerund is a verb form that ends in –ing and is used as a NOUN; the gerund phrase takes any descriptors and modifiers it may have: Skiing the slopes is a popular winter sport. My favorite activity is writing about my life. He signed up for a class in cooking Italian cuisine. s/gerund phrase lv adj adj n/pred nom Pro adj s lv gerund phrase/pred nom s v adv prep n/o.p. prep gerund phrase/ o.p. NOTICE: NO COMMAS ARE USED WITH GERUNDS AND GERNUND PHRASES!

1. Raising the funds proved to be a difficult task. 2. Camping at Coleto Creek was the Smith family’s annual summer vacation. 3. Joseph hoped to obtain a job by learning the welding trade. 4. The Moreno family loves cooking for relatives. 5. I am able to earn money by working in the campus library.

Infinitive Phrase An infinitive is a verb form preceded by “to” An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive with its descriptors and modifiers: NEVER SPLIT AN INFINITVE! To swim across the English Channel must be difficult. To read is to escape into another reality. sub/Infinitive phrase h.v. Lv pred adj s/infinitive lv p.n/infinitive prep adj n/o.p. INFINITIVES AND INFINITIVE PHRASES CAN FUNCTION AS: NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, OR ADVERBS

Identify the infinitive phrases Adena wants Sam to learn to change a tire. She is tired of having to do all of the minor car chores herself. She expects him to take a course on performing minor car maintenance. She thinks it's a good idea for him to learn to do things for himself. To motivate Sam, Adena promised to buy him a dashboard ornament when he completed the course successfully. Last Friday Sam went to the high school to sign up for the car repair course. It was too late for Sam to register for the course. Adena told Sam that he could not expect to receive any more presents from her for a long time.

Kinesthetic Activity Directions: You and your partner will get an envelope. In each envelope, you will find ten sentences. For each sentence, decide whether or not it has an example of a participle, gerund, or infinitive. Based on its classification, place it in the correct box on your graphic organizer. Copy the example down in your notebooks.

Graphic Organizer ParticipleGerundInfinitive

Sentences in your envelopes 1. Jennifer’s goal was to graduate from the University of Houston- Victoria. 2. John’s favorite outdoor activity is skiing. 3. Going on a cruise and climbing Mt. Rushmore were Rachel’s summer vacation plans. 4. Dancing with the famous instructor, Dillon felt like a star. 5. Animals dumped in the streets often become a menace. 6. The girls love to swim at Julie’s house. 7. Watching the birds is one of Mr. Martin’s hobbies. 8. Janice, baking 10 cakes for the festival, accidentally burned one of them. 9. Working out daily should be an essential part of American life. 10. I have a book to return to the library.

Answers 1. Jennifer’s goal was to graduate from the University of Houston- Victoria. I 2. John’s favorite outdoor activity is skiing. G 3. Going on a cruise and climbing Mt. Rushmore were Rachel’s summer vacation plans. G 4. Dancing with the famous instructor, Dillon felt like a star. P 5. Animals dumped in the streets often become a menace. P 6. The girls love to swim at Julie’s house. I 7. Watching the birds is one of Mr. Martin’s hobbies. G 8. Janice, baking 10 cakes for the festival, accidentally burned one of them. P 9. Working out daily should be an essential part of American life. G 10. I have a book to return to the library. I