Chapter 10 and Final Exam Review

James Madison A Virginia delegate to the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, and is considered the “Father of the Constitution” for his many contributions to the basic structure of our government. He authored the Virginia Plan which proposed representation in the Congress based on population. He supported ratification of the new U.S. Constitution and wrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, promoting its ratification. He proposed the Bill of Rights. Alexander Hamilton A delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 from New York. As a proponent of a strong central government, he was one of the authors of The Federalist Papers (essays that promoted the ratification of the Constitution). Appointed by Pres. Washington as the Secretary of the Treasury who developed the republic’s financial plan, which created a national bank, a very controversial issue.

George Washington He sides with the Federalists in the debate over ratification and is elected the First President of the United States in He set many precedents, including: served two terms between 1789 and During his two terms he started regular meetings of his cabinet and supported Alexander Hamilton's plans to deal with war debts and create a currency system for the new nation. He was a Federalist, believing in a strong central government and the responsibility of the wealthy to ensure the wellbeing of all, but he remained open to the opinions of others, especially fellow Virginian Thomas Jefferson. In 1793 he sought to avoid another war with European powers, Britain and France, by issuing the Neutrality Proclamation, a move which incensed pro-French Jeffersonians but heartened Federalists. This stands as one of his greatest accomplishments because it allowed the United States to build a solid system of government, expand westward, and develop a merchant marine to engage in trade without becoming embroiled in another European war.

Washington’s Farewell Address (1796) In 1796 George Washington decided not to pursue a third term as President of the United States thereby allowing the election of a successor. His farewell address to his cabinet, delivered on September 17, stressed three dangers facing the nation. The first related to the rise of political parties which he believed could divide Americans and destroy the cooperation needed in government. The second was sectionalism, or political divisions based on geographic loyalties. The third was the involvement in European rivalries that repeatedly drove those nations to war. The last served as a cornerstone of American foreign policy until this country’s involvement in World War I. He also supported the preservation of religion and morality as “the great pillars of human happiness” and educational institutions for the “general diffusion of knowledge.”

61. George Washington’s service as president of the U.S. was an example of. He accepted the presidency because he felt it was his duty to serve the people, rather than retire to his plantation. civic virtue ‘to render service to my country in obedience to its call…’ -George Washington Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

62. Alexander Hamilton: a leader of the Federalists, first Treasurer of the United States, and creator of the Bank of the U.S. - killed in a duel by the V. P. of the U. S. You lie Tom!! The national government must be strong & the bank’s a great idea. The bank is unconstitutional. Power to the states & may my V.P. shoot you dead! Alexander Hamilton Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

65. President Washington demonstrated the increased power of the by sending the army to stop the Whiskey Rebellion. Federal government Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

66. The first were formed as a result of disagreements over the powers of the federal government between Hamilton and Jefferson. Political parties Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

67. George Washington’s Farewell Address advised the United States to stay “neutral in its relations with other nations” and to avoid “entangling alliances”. The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible.... It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world George Washington’s Farewell Address George Washington Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

Legislative – makes laws Executive – enforces the law Judicial – interprets the law Religion Assembly Press Petition Speech U.S. Constitution 1787 Magna Carta 1215 granted rights to noblemen and freemen. Limited power of the king House of Burgesses 1619 The First Representative Body in the colonies; Virginia Mayflower Compact 1620 first system of self- government in America. English Bill of Rights 1689 supported a limited monarchy, gov’t based of laws made by parliament provided a system of shared power; rights given to ALL Englishmen Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1639 the first constitution in the American colonies; extended voting rights to non-church members and limited the powers of the governor, expanded ideas of representative government Articles of Confederation 1781 the nation’s first constitution; lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage lack of power to create a national army Federalism Separation of powers Checks and balances Republicanism Individual rights Popular sovereignty Limited government 2.Keep and bear arms 3.No quartering soldiers 4.No Illegal search/seizure 5.Rights of the accused 6.Fair and speedy trial 7.Trial by jury 8.No Excessive bail/cruel & unusual punishment 9.People rights protected 10.Reserve clause – rights of states and people Congress cannot make a law establishing a national religion or preventing the exercise of religion People have the right to assemble peacefully in public places The government does not control the press; media are free from government control People can make complaints to the government and ask for government to make changes Government cannot people from expressing their viewpoints

eclaration of Independence – Thomas Jefferson rticles of Confederation onstitution – James Madison “Father of Constitution” Founding Documents Revolution Events exington – 1 st battle of the Revolution aratoga – US victory - Turning point of Revolution – Help from France orktown – Last major battle of Revolution; British surrender Valley Forge – American winter camp; forged better army Jamestown -1 st perm. English settlement Mayflower Compact – 1 st system of self- gov’t Declaration of Independence – Freedom from Englsih Rule Constitution –Replaced Article of Confed. New England - Long winters, rocky soil, timber, fishing, shipbuilding, whaling Southern Colonies Middle Colonies - subsistence farming, good soil, warm climate - Appalachian Mtns GA SC NC VA MD DE NJ PA NY CT RI NH MA - Great Lakes US in 1783 NW Territory Spanish Territory Mississippi R. Ohio R. Atlantic Ocean - Gulf of Mexico Southern Colonies - Hot climate, fertile soil, cash crops, plantation system