Berlin, 5 March 2007 Cinzia Sechi Women in Trade Unions in Europe: A survey of the ETUC affiliated member organisations

Outline  Background  Methodology & Target  Confederations & EIFs  I/ Disaggregated data on women in trade unions in Europe  II/ Gender Mainstreaming  III/Women in Decision Making positions  TUs policies  TUs political bodies  TUs leadership  Conclusions and follow-up

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Background  Previous ETUC Surveys  1993, 1999, 2002, 2005  2006 Survey : objectives, methodology, target  81 Confederations  12 European Industry Federations  FERPA, EUROCADRES

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Target  81 Confederations  60 confederations replied (74% response rate)  32 countries, about 52 million members/ women  12 European Industry Federations + FERPA & Eurocadres  9 responses (64% response rate)  About 38 million members/ women

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Female membership Confederations Confederations Female members in trade union confederations account for 42%  10% unable to provide for specific data  8% able to provide for rough estimation  Slightly increased from 1999 & 2002 surveys  Some patterns:  Rate range between 10% and 76%;  Highest rates of female membership in the Nordic and Baltic countries;  New member states higher average of 45%  Since 1999, increase registered in over 15 unions

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Female membership Obstacles in recruiting women* Obstacles in recruiting women* * Confederations only

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Female membership European Industry Federations  Female members in EIFs account for +35%  Unchanged from 1999 & 2002 surveys  Some sectors more feminised than others  Textile 60%  Clothing 70%

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Female membership Factors preventing women from joining TUs Factors preventing women from joining TUs

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Gender Mainstreaming  95% of Confederations and 8 (out of 9) EIFs reported that they implement Gender Mainstreaming.  Different instruments adopted (Executive Committee resolutions, change in the statutes, GM Pact, sex disaggregated statistics, studies…)  Challenges:  Increase general awareness  Training  Lack of data  Monitoring & assessment

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Gender Mainstreaming  47 Confederations (84%) implement GM in collective bargaining  Measures addressing operators:  Training negotiators ♂ & ♀ on gender issues (60%)… …and on gender mainstreaming (42%)  Training ♀ in negotiation (53%)  Setting up guidelines for collective bargaining with regard to gender equality (53%)  Ensuring ♀ are in negotiating teams (36%)

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Gender Mainstreaming  Measures addressing the content:  Adding issues to the collective bargaining agenda that are traditionally seen as women’s issues (80%)  Discussing the gender dimension of general issues (e.g. wages, working time, etc.) in collective bargaining (76%)  Finding laws and/or collective agreements and/or government policies dealing with equality to be used during negotiation (57%)  Collecting gender disaggregated facts and figures to be used during negotiation (57%)  Finding out the opinions of female workers on the topics to be negotiated (i.e. using circulars addressed to female workers, and/or questionnaires, and/or researches) (30%)

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Gender Mainstreaming  4 EIFs (out of 6) incorporate gender mainstreaming in the coordination of collective bargaining and in sector-based social dialogue committees  2 by training negotiators ♂ & ♀ on gender issues and on gender mainstreaming  Some sub-sectors more addressed than others (textile & clothing, chemical/energy…)  GM scarcely implemented in EWCs policy. 3 EIFs out of 6 have taken concrete measures

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Women in decision making  56% of Confederations and 7 (out of 9) EIFs have a specific policy to increase the number of ♀ in decision making bodies  Measures implemented include:  training (67%)  researches/surveys (52%)  campaigns (45%)  reserved places (44%)  50% adopted an action plan

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Women in decision making Factors limiting the presence of women in TUs decision-making bodies Factors limiting the presence of women in TUs decision-making bodies

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Women in decision making CONFEDERATIONS BODIES CONFEDERATIONS BODIES

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Women in decision making LEADERSHIP IN CONFEDERATIONS LEADERSHIP IN CONFEDERATIONS

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Women in decision making EIFs BODIES Female delegates at:  Congress: 35%* (25% in 2002)  Gap with female membership rate ranging from (-9 to + 29)  Executive Committee: 29%** (23% in 2002)  Steering Committee 36%** (28% in 2002) *6 EIFs out of 9 **5 EIFs out of 9

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Women in decision making LEADERSHIP IN THE 12 EIFs  2/10 President (ETUF-TCL, EPSU) 16%  8/20 Vice-President (EMCEF, EPSU, EUROCADRES, ETUCE) 29%  3/10 General Secretary (EPSU, UNI-EUROPA, FERPA) 23%  1/4 Deputy General Secretary (ETF) 20%

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Conclusion  % of ♀ members is known in the majority of confederations and averages around 42% (constant and slow increase since 2002)  More statistics are needed on the categories of ♀ workers (part-time, fixed term contracts, etc.)  Need of more reliable sex disaggregated data on members of EIFs  TU should incorporate further gender mainstreaming in order to cover ALL trade union policies, including EWCs  Training, raising awareness and reliable statistics on gender mainstreaming are fundamental to its full promotion  Number of women in decision making positions still unbalanced  Follow-up

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Conclusion THANK YOU GRAZIE

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Organisations not responding to the questionnaire 5 EIFs: EAEA - European Arts and Entertainment Alliance, EUROCOP - European Confederation of Police, EFJ/FEJ - European Federation of Journalists, EMF/FEM - European Metalworkers’ Federation, ETUCE/CSEE - European Trade Union Committee for Education. 21 CONFEDERATIONS: USDA – Andorra, SEK – Cyprus, TURK-SEN – Cyprus, AC – Denmark, ADEDY – Greece, AszSz – Hungary, SZEF- Hungary, ÉSZT- Hungary, BSRB – Iceland, LPSS (LDS) – Lithuania, CMTU – Malta, USM – Monaco, CNV – Netherlands, CARTEL ALFA – Romania, CSDR – Romania, CSdl – S. Marino, CDLS – S. Marino, Travail Suisse – Switzerland, DISK – Turkey, HAK-IS – Turkey, KESK – Turkey.

Women in Trade Unions in Europe Women in decision making WOMEN & POLICY DEPARTMENTS WOMEN & POLICY DEPARTMENTS