From Flowers to Fruits How did that happen? Let’s find out! Module 4 Unit 13 Lesson 3 How did that happen? Let’s find out! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nectarine_Fruit_Development.jpg

Introduction Young buds can be observed which must have grown into new flowering shoots. Some flowers are fully developed and more than likely some were already pollinated. Successful pollination and also fertilization has obviously occurred as ripened fruit are present observed. The plant has taken another journey from flowers to fruits!

Objectives When you finish this section, you should be able to: describe the structure of a ‘typical’ simple fruit. relate the structure of selected fruits to the structure of the flowers from which they were formed.

Fruit or Vegetable? When you eat each of these vegetables, what part of a plant are you really eating? www.tntisland.com/fruits.html CHECK http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/case1/c1facts2e.html

FEEDBACK Did you know that they are ALL ‘ripened’ ovaries and are really the products of fertilization? They are fruits. So, when you eat those vegetables shown, you’re really eating what was once the ovary! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit

How is a fruit formed? Remind yourself of what happens during fertilization by clicking open this link>> http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~ghannan/systbot/doublefertanimation.html

As a fruit forms… …. sepals, petals, stamens wither and usually fall off. (Sometimes sepals may remain attached to the fruit.) Look at the sepals that remain on the Rose hips.

As a fruit forms…. …. its weight might cause it to hang in an upside down position in relation to the flower from which it formed. Its wall can dry out. Poinciana fruits Barbados Pride http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fruit_I_IMG_8692.jpg http://toptropicals.com/pics/garden/c21/0665.jpg

What is a fruit? A fruit is the packaging for seeds! It is an ovary in which further development of the fertilized ovule/s has taken place, resulting in seed formation. A fruit has a fruit wall or pericarp, a placenta to which each seed is attached by a stem called the funicle.

What is a Fruit? Each fruit has two scars – one where the style was attached to the ovary, the other on the opposite side, where it was attached by the pedicel to the plant. The two functions of a fruit are: to protect the seed/s and to aid in seed dispersal. A fruit is a guarantee of the next generation because it contains the seed with an embryo plant in it.

The seed is protected inside the hard endocarp The Parts of a fruit and its seed scar of pedicel scar of the style exocarp or skin The seed is protected inside the hard endocarp http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm

The Parts of a fruit and its seed The pericarp is different from the seed coat or testa. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drupe_fruit_diagram-en.svg

Pomegranate – Look at this diagram (Top left) and photo (Top Right) of a flower. Sepal Stamens Pistil Ovary with ovules Here are photos of the whole fruit and one cut open (Right). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Punica_granatum2.jpg http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph20.htm

Activity Label three parts of the fruit and explain from which part of a Pomegranate flower each part grew. CHECK

FEEDBACK Click open this website, scroll down to see photos . of pomegrante fruit: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm . persistent sepals (with stamen cluster inside) seeds = fertilized ovules Pomegranate fruit formed from an inferior ovary fruit wall comprising leathery exocarp, mesocarp = ovary wall and receptacle scar = remains of pedicel

Why aren’t all fruits exactly alike? Well…. that depends on the flowers from which they form, and how they formed after fertilization! Depending on the structure of the flower, fruits develop with different structures which enables us to put them into one of several groups.

How fruits develop: 1. Simple Fruit 1. Simple fruit - develop from one carpel from a single, separate flower and can be: Dry (Visit: http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_simp.htm ) Fleshy (Visit: http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_flsh.htm ) Accessory e.g. peas/ other pods, tomatoes, oranges, capsules, grains, plums, mangoes. Click open and read from the above websites. http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_3grp.htm

Simple fruits The fruit wall may dry out as the fruit develops from the ovary. L – R: Peanut, Tamarind are Simple Fruits http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr1.htm#baobab

Simple fruit- Sunflower Forms small, one-seeded simple fruits with dried-out pericarps. The three pericarp layers are not distinguishable. http://jbworld.jbs.st-louis.mo.us/science/resources/flower/fruit3.html

Simple fruit - Orange The middle layer of the pericarp often becomes fleshy with stored food. The outer layer often changes colour when ripe. http://visual.merriam-webster.com/plants-gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-fruit-citrus-fruit.php

Simple fruit - Cucumber Female flower will develop into the fruit after fertilization. Prickly inferior ovary, which is the future cucumber http://www.backyardnature.net/fl_def.htm

How fruits develop: 2. Compound Fruit 2. Compound fruit - develops from several ovaries in either a single or multiple flower/s. Includes: Aggregate fruits - has many small fruits each with a seed; develops from different ovaries of a single flower e.g. Strawberry Multiple fruits – with fruits of separate flowers merged or packed closely together e.g. Pineapple, Jackfruit, Breadfruit.

As a fruit forms… The single flower has several pistils that mature together and stick/aggregate together as a clustered unit on a single receptacle, forming an Aggregate fruit. It has seeds from different ovaries of the single flowers. flowerhttp://www.backyardnature.net/frt_3grp.htm

Raspberry Aggregate fruit Carpels Raspberry flower Carpel (fruitlet) Stamen Stigma Ovary Raspberry flower Carpels Carpel (fruitlet) Raspberry fruit Raspberry http://visual.merriam-webster.com/plants-gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-fruit-berry-fruit_2.php Aggregate fruit

How fruits develop Soursop is a large, fleshy, berrylike Aggregate fruit. It is formed by the aggregation of ripened ovaries + the fleshy receptacle. Click open this link. Read to see how Soursop and paw-paw fruits relate to the flowers from which they were formed: http://www.biology-resources.com/plants-fruit-tropical.html http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/pawpaw.html

Activity On the next slides, look at the Soursop and Strawberry diagrams, then examine actual samples. Check for paw=paw at http://www.biology-resources.com/documents/plant-fruit-tropical-2.doc

Accessory fruit forms… …. some or all of the fleshy, usually edible, part might not be formed from the ovary, but instead is derived from the receptacle that holds the ovaries or from some other adjacent tissue e.g. receptacle, producing an Accessory fruit. Click open, scroll down and read about the (American) Apple and Strawberry at these websites. http://www.biology-resources.com/documents/plant-fruit-3.doc http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm Cut open and examine samples of the fruits.

American Apple – an Accessory fruit Skin Receptacle Ovary /real fruit wall

Strawberry Flower Gynoecium = many free simple carpels http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_section_of_raspberry_flower.gif http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/flower.htm

The receptacle and flower stalk form part of the Strawberry fruit wall. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry Close-up of the surface of a young strawberry shows simple fruits each with style and stigma.

Strawberry = Aggregate-accessory fruit This accessory “fruit" is actually an enlarged receptacle. “seed” is really a simple fruit http://visual.merriam-webster.com/plants-gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-fruit-berry-fruit_3.php http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm

As a fruit forms… …a Multiple Fruit may develop. Each fruit forms when a cluster of separate flowers (each with its own pistil) that are grouped together on the same inflorescence have their fertilized ovules mature together to form one fruit.

Pineapple flowers (Diagram, left; photo, right) Young pineapple inflorescence. Each unit is a flower. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg Click open http://jbworld.jbs.st-louis.mo.us/science/resources/flower/fruit5.html and read the information presented.

Pineapple = Multiple fruit Central axis is the receptacle http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT201/Angiosperm/FlowerFruit.htm

single carpel of a single flower Jackfruit - is a Multiple fruit; it is formed from the fusion of ovaries from many individual flowers plus the fleshy stem axis. single carpel of a single flower seeds and pericarp

Breadfruit- a Compound False Fruit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit Male and female flowers grow on the same breadfruit tree. (Only female flowers form fruits.) The hexagon-like disks visible on the skin are flowers that became fruits. www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-359719.0.html

Breadfruit - this compound, false fruit develops from the swollen perianth of over 1,500 female flowers growing on a fleshy receptacle. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit

Cashew Apple – a false fruit The fleshy Cashew ‘apple’ is the swollen succulent stalk/pedicel and base. The ‘nut’ is a dry fruit with one seed. Both parts store food. www.fao.org/.../vlibrary/ac306e/ac306e04.htm slog.thestranger.com/2008/04/new_fruit

Summary Fruits differ from each other because… the flower structures were different especially the pistil structure and the number and position of fertilized ovules that became the seeds. the position of the ovary in respect to other floral whorls and also the sepals, petals stamens may/may not be retained as the fruit forms.

Summary Fruits differ from each other because… parts such as the receptacle or flower stalk may become incorporated in the fruit wall. the ovary (fruit) wall changes in different ways e.g. becoming dry/fleshy, coloured, hairy etc. The next slide gives a summary diagram of the cycle of development from formation of the zygote to fruit.

Summary http://leavingbio