C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to THE AGE OF EXPLORATION (1350–1550) Section 1: Europeans Set Sail Section 2: Voyages to the Americas Section 3: The Race for Trade Routes Section 4: The Opening of the Atlantic Chapter 2

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to OBJECTIVES  How did the Commercial Revolution and the Renaissance change Europe?  Why did western Europeans want to find a new sea route for trade with Africa and Asia?  How did Portugal’s early explorations affect Africans? Section 1: Europeans Set Sail

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The Commercial Revolution and Renaissance Change Europe Merchants became more aggressive about making a profit. Merchants became more aggressive about making a profit. Cities grew rich from trade. Cities grew rich from trade. Banks were created. Banks were created. Joint stock companies were formed. Joint stock companies were formed. Section 1: Europeans Set Sail joint-stock companies – businesses formed by a group of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The Commercial Revolution and Renaissance Change Europe There was a rebirth of the arts and learning of ancient Greece and Rome. There was a rebirth of the arts and learning of ancient Greece and Rome. Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press spread the science and literature of the Renaissance. Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press spread the science and literature of the Renaissance. New technological advances led to exploration. New technological advances led to exploration. Section 1: Europeans Set Sail (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Trade with Africa and Asia Western Europeans wanted to find a new sea route for trade with Africa and Asia… to earn more money to earn more money to ensure that they could get trade goods to ensure that they could get trade goods to learn about other cultures to learn about other cultures Section 1: Europeans Set Sail

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Portuguese exploration of Africa led to: establishment of trading posts to supply port ships establishment of trading posts to supply port ships development of relationships with local rulers and merchants for gold, ivory, and slaves development of relationships with local rulers and merchants for gold, ivory, and slaves warfare among kingdoms of West Africa warfare among kingdoms of West Africa break up of West African families break up of West African families Section 1: Europeans Set Sail

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to OBJECTIVES  What was Christopher Columbus’s goal?  What did Columbus do on his explorations in the Americas?  How did Portugal react to new of Columbus’s discoveries? Section 2: Voyages to the Americas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Columbus’s Bold Idea To reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic To reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic To reach the Indies so Spain could better compete with Portugal To reach the Indies so Spain could better compete with Portugal Section 2: Voyages to the Americas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Columbus’s First Exploration Searched for riches Searched for riches Explored islands Explored islands Section 2: Voyages to the Americas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Europe Learns of Columbus’s Voyage King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella become excited King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella become excited Columbus receives appointment of admiral and governor Columbus receives appointment of admiral and governor Section 2: Voyages to the Americas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to OBJECTIVES  Where did Vasco da Gama and Pedro Alvars Cabral explore, and what was the result of these voyages for Portugal?  What did John Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci achieve?  Why was Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage important? Section 3: The Race for Trade Routes

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Vasco da Gama and Pedro Alvars Cabral Vasco da Gama explored India and Pedro Alvars Cabral explored South America. Vasco da Gama explored India and Pedro Alvars Cabral explored South America. The Portuguese made claims in India and Brazil. The Portuguese made claims in India and Brazil. Section 3: The Race for Trade Routes

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to John Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci John Cabot discovered North America giving England a claim in North America. John Cabot discovered North America giving England a claim in North America. Amerigo Vespucci reached South America in 1501 and America is named in his honor. Amerigo Vespucci reached South America in 1501 and America is named in his honor. Section 3: The Race for Trade Routes

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Sailing around the Globe Ferdinand Magellan finds a western route to Asia in Ferdinand Magellan finds a western route to Asia in Magellan finds a passageway at the southern tip of South America which became known as the Strait of Magellan. Magellan finds a passageway at the southern tip of South America which became known as the Strait of Magellan. Magellan’s crew is the first to circumnavigate the world. Magellan’s crew is the first to circumnavigate the world. Section 3: The Race for Trade Routes

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to OBJECTIVES  How did new trade routes affect Portugal and Spain?  How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europeans and American Indians?  Why were some countries searching for a Northwest Passage? Section 4: The Opening of the Atlantic

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to A Shift in Trade Spain and Portugal made greater profits. Spain and Portugal made greater profits. Spain established an outpost in the Philippines to trade with China. Spain established an outpost in the Philippines to trade with China. Spain and Portugal gained influence in European affairs. Spain and Portugal gained influence in European affairs. Trade creates an outlet for wealth and resources. Trade creates an outlet for wealth and resources. Section 4: The Opening of the Atlantic

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The Columbian Exchange Europeans – helped Europeans because they obtained new crops and animals Europeans – helped Europeans because they obtained new crops and animals American Indians – also helped American Indians obtain new crops and animals; harmed American Indians, however, because they were killed by European diseases American Indians – also helped American Indians obtain new crops and animals; harmed American Indians, however, because they were killed by European diseases Section 4: The Opening of the Atlantic

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The Search for a Northwest Passage Would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean Would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean Increased European interest in North America Increased European interest in North America Section 4: The Opening of the Atlantic