© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 15 Oceanography, An Invitation to Marine Science | 9e Tom Garrison Marine Animals

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Oxygen revolution Animal – multicellular organism unable to synthesize food 15.1 Animals Evolved When Food and Oxygen Became Plentiful

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Phylum– 15.2 Invertebrates Are the Most Successful and Abundant Animals

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Water out Central cavity Water in Collar cell Flagellum Flattened surface cells Mesoglea Pore Amoeboid cell Spicules Stepped Art Nucleus Microvilli

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Phylum –AFTER BREAK!!! –Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals –Cnidoblasts – stinging cells –Have radial symmetry –Corals Sedentary polyps Hermatypic – mound-building Ahermatypic – deep-water Invertebrates Are the Most Successful and Abundant Animals

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Invertebrates Are the Most Successful and Abundant Animals

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Bilateral symmetry Phylum –Flow-through digestive system –roundworms Phylum –Metamerism – segmentation –Most complex worms –Segmented worms 15.3 The Worm Phyla Are the Link to Advanced Animals

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Phylum –Snails –Oysters 15.4 Advanced Invertebrates Have Complex Bodies and Internal Systems

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Advanced Invertebrates Have Complex Bodies and Internal Systems –Nautilus, octopus, cuttlefish, squid –Can have shell or not –Mobile and highly advanced

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Phylum… –Most successful phylum on Earth –Exoskeleton – chitin –Striated muscle –Articulation Phylum… –Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber –Water-vascular system – tube feet Advanced Invertebrates Have Complex Bodies and Internal Systems

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Advanced Invertebrates Have Complex Bodies and Internal Systems

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Phylum … –Notochord – tubular dorsal nervous system –Dorsal, tubular nervous system –Gill slits behind oral opening 15.5 Construction of Complex Chordate Bodies Begins on a Stiffening Scaffold

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. No bones Tunicates Invertebrate Chordates

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Salps

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Amphioxus –Transitional species

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Possess backbones, internal skeleton (bone/cartilage), skull to protect brain and sensory organs  evolution intelligence! 95% of all chordates are vertebrates Vertebrate Chordates

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved Vertebrate Evolution Traces a Long and Diverse History

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Jawless fishes –CLASS… –Primitive –No jaws or paired appendages –Hagfish –Lampreys 15.7 Fishes Are Earth’s Most Abundant and Successful Vertebrates

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Evolution of Jaws –Grasping, crushing –Feeding on shelled inverts or exoskeletons –Easier to attack prey

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Sharks – cartilaginous fishes—Class… –True bone absent

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Bony fishes – Class… –90% of living fishes in Order Teleostei

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Evolved mya Devonian Pd. Movement, shape, and propulsion –Body and fins specialized Ectotherms 15.8 Fishes Are Successful Because of Unique Adaptations

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Maintenance of level Gas exchange –Gills Feeding and defense –Schooling Fishes Are Successful Because of Unique Adaptations