Thermodynamics Cengel-PPT a b c Apps

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Presentation transcript:

Thermodynamics Cengel-PPT a b c Apps Prof. M. Kostic Mechanical Engineering NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

What is Thermo…? Cengel-PPT a b c Apps ENERGY Science Energy Conversion What is Energy…? www.kostic.niu.edu/energy Cause Changes - Work, Heat, etc. Energy is property of matter! Therefore, ENERGY and PROPERTY interrelations

Thermo Vocabulary System, Surroundings, and Boundary Closed System - Control Mass Open System - Control Volume Control Surface Adiabatic System - NO Heat Transfer Isolated System - NO Energy Transfer

Forms of Energy TOTAL Energy Macroscopic vs. Microscopic thermal, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, nuclear, …. Macroscopic vs. Microscopic INTERNAL Energy (U) - sum of ALL microscopic energies

System PROPERTIES Extensive m, V, U, E Intensive T, P, r, u, e

State, Equilibrium, Processes State or Condition of a System Equilibrium - System in balance, NO Changes thermal/temperature balance - no HEAT transfer/adiabatic mechanical/pressure balance - no WORK transfer phase - no change of phases chemical - no change of spices

Pressure Scales Gauge pressure Local atm. pressure Absolute Local atm. pressure Local atm. pressure Vacuum pressure Standard atm. pressure 101.325 kPa(abs) 14.696 psi(a) 760 mmHg(a) 29.92 inHg(a)

Ch.8: Temperature Measurement Temperature: measure of hotness or coldness indicating the direction in which heat (energy) will spontaneously flow, i.e., from a hotter body (one at a higher temperature) to a colder one (one at a lower temperature). Temperature is not the equivalent of the system energy Historical background

Temperature Measurement Devices thermocouples, resistive temperature devices (RTDs and thermistors), infrared radiators, bimetallic devices, liquid expansion devices, and change-of-state devices.

8.2: Temperature Standards Temperature scale (ITS-90) Definition of the degree Kelvin K, defined as the 1/273.16 fraction of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water (TPW). Fixed (reference) points Interpolation between the fixed points

Thermo Laws Zeroth Law: TA=TC and TB=TC then TA=TB First Law - Energy Conservation Second Law - Process Direction

In Conclusion Be imaginative Try to differentiate Make sense of what you study Work and think hard and smart Thermodynamics is a science of ENERGY and MATTER and their relations