METHODS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH Introduction to Family Studies

W HAT IS S OCIOLOGY ? What pops into your mind when you think about Sociology? What do sociologists study? How is sociological thinking different from other social science disciplines? 3/9/2016 Sociological & Policy Perspectives on Families

T HE S OCIOLOGICAL A PPROACH Sociology focuses on how social forces influence individual behavior, actions, and feelings. AND Sociology examines how the interaction of individuals and small groups influence the economic or social change? Humans viewed as both puppets and puppeteers 3/9/2016 Sociological & Policy Perspectives on Families

T HINKING LIKE A S OCIOLOGIST In this class, we will focus on how families are influenced by the larger social structure  Social structure: is a stable framework of social relationships that guides our interaction with others 3/9/2016 Sociological & Policy Perspectives on Families

T HE S OCIOLOGICAL A PPROACH 3/9/2016 Sociological & Policy Perspectives on Families Macro Level Micro Level

Social institutions A social institution is a major sphere of social life with rules and roles that define a social unit of importance to society A social institution is a visible structure that people can recognize and understand Families are a social institution 3/9/2016 Sociological & Policy Perspectives on Families The Sociological Approach – The Macro Level

THE SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH – THE MACRO LEVEL Family sociologists examine how these social institutions interact and how they influence behaviors, attitudes, and opportunities in families 3/9/2016 Sociological & Policy Perspectives on Families Economy Families Government Education Religion Healthcare

T HINKING LIKE A S OCIOLOGIST In this class, we will focus on how families are influenced by the larger social structure  Social structure: is a stable framework of social relationships that guides our interaction with others 3/9/2016 Sociological & Policy Perspectives on Families

The macro level comprises: Social Status Social statuses are: the social positions people occupy and the privileges and constraints that are attached to these positions 3/9/2016 Sociological & Policy Perspectives on Families The Sociological Approach – The Macro Level

This hierarchical arrangement of people in terms of power, prestige, and resources is called social stratification These hierarchies in the U.S. are often based on race/ethnicity, education, income, and gender Think about how your race or gender or age has blocked your from an opportunity or given you an advantage 3/9/2016 Sociological & Policy Perspectives on Families The Sociological Approach – The Macro Level

THE SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH THE MICRO LEVEL 3/9/2016 Sociological & Policy Perspectives on Families  Micro level deals with issues of social life at the level of individuals or small groups  At the micro level we focus on patterned behaviors of people that are due to the social conditions in which we find ourselves  We act differently in different settings and places  Micro level analysis focuses on personal choices

THE SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH – THE MICRO LEVEL 3/9/2016 Sociological & Policy Perspectives on Families  Micro level deals with issues of social life at the level of individuals or small groups  Micro level analysis focuses on personal choices  Think of an example of a personal choice you made recently and how it was influenced by the larger society, your social status, the economy, the government, the culture of Montclair?

3/9/2016 S OCIAL S CIENCE R ESEARCH How do we know what we know? Most of us understand the world around us through our personal experience -- the people and situations we have been in or have seen This personal experience leads to your conclusions about the world While there is nothing wrong with these ways of knowing -- social scientists are skeptical about relying ONLY on these sources because: An individual’s experience of those around them is not representative of the broader society

3/9/2016 S OCIAL S CIENCE R ESEARCH How do we know what we know? Social scientists use a systematic and more scientific mode of investigation Social scientists rely on: Observations of the social world based on representative samples Example: If we wanted to study why people in the U.S. get married, we should not just survey college students We avoid the error of overgeneralization : i.e. using what we know about a small group of people to conclude something about all people

3/9/2016 S OCIAL S CIENCE R ESEARCH How do we know what we know? Most of us understand the world around us through our personal experience -- the people and situations we have been in or have seen This personal experience leads to your conclusions about the world While there is nothing wrong with these ways of knowing -- social scientists are skeptical about relying ONLY on these sources because: An individual’s experience of those around them is not representative of the broader society

3/9/2016 S OCIAL S CIENCE R ESEARCH How do we know what we know? Social scientists use a systematic and more scientific mode of investigation Social scientists rely on: Observations of the social world based on representative samples Example: If we wanted to study why people in the U.S. get married, we should not just survey college students We avoid the error of overgeneralization : i.e. using what we know about a small group of people to conclude something about all people

3/9/2016 S OCIOLOGICAL T HEORIES Social science theories explain or help us make sense of patterns in social life Theories shape and direct research – they point us in a direction That direction influences what we look for, what we find, and how we explain it

3/9/2016 S OCIOLOGICAL T HEORIES Theories about families and relationships are made up a set of statements that explain why certain relationships occur For example: The age at first marriage has increased because more women are graduating from college and starting careers before marrying

3/9/2016 M ACROLEVEL THEORIES  Macrolevel theories focus on:  a whole society or a large part of it  the BIG PICTURE Example:  How has the decline in real male wages influenced husbands’ and wives’ involvement in the paid labor force  Research might examine cost of living and employment rates by gender and compare data from 1960 to 2000

3/9/2016 S OCIOLOGICAL T HEORIES  Theories used to explain relationships at a more personal level are micro level theories Examples:  A researcher wants to know how often husbands and wives argue on a weekly basis  They might observe a husbands and wife in their home – or tape their conversations over the week

M OST F REQUENTLY USED M ETHODS OF S OCIAL R ESEARCH Demographic Studies Survey Research Participant Observation (Field Observation) Social Experiments 3/9/2016

D EMOGRAPHIC S TUDIES Demography is a subfield of social science that is concerned with: how social conditions are distributed in the human population and how these populations are changing Core interests are trends in: Fertility Mortality Migration Marriage and divorce 3/9/2016

H OW ARE DEMOGRAPHIC DATA COLLECTED ? Most data are collected at the state level and compiled by the National Center of Health Statistics (NCHS) NCHS is a department of the Center for Disease control (CDC) in Atlanta GE 3/9/2016

D EMOGRAPHIC S TUDIES Examples of Demographic Studies in Fertility  What is the fertility rate by race/ethnicity in the US?  How has it changed over the past ten years?  Go to the National Center for Health Statistics:   3/9/2016

F ERTILITY R ATE Fertility rate is the number of women age who gave birth per 1000 women For example the rate for Non-Hispanic Black women is 89 births per 1000 Non-Hispanic Black women /9/2016

S URVEY R ESEARCH Collect information from a subgroup of people, known as a sample Samples are chosen to represent the larger population from which they are selected. Data is collected through in-person or phone interviews, or by questionnaires sent through the mail or NOW the internet (web-based) 3/9/2016

S URVEY R ESEARCH Example of Survey Research General Social Survey Who conducted the survey? National Opinion Research Center (NORC) How many people were interviewed? More than 38,000 people interviewed since 1972 National Survey of Family Growth 3/9/2016

F IELD R ESEARCH Used to understand processes among people by directly observing them as the behaviors take place Researcher participates directly in the social life of individuals of groups in question 3/9/2016

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION Complete O bservation : Arlie Hochschild observed the division of household labor by visiting wives and husbands in their homes Observation takes place in the real world Researcher attempts to fade into the background

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION Complete P articipation : Researcher tries to become a part of the group they are studying Howard Becker hung around with Jazz musicians to understand how people learned to smoke pot - but he WAS also a Jazz musician

F IELD R ESEARCH Intensive interviewing Questions are open ended Designed to be very in depth, with a small sample Provide rich description of personal experience Focus Groups Designed to obtain information from a small group of people Encourage open discussions of topics Used by market researchers and political pollsters

SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS A real test of an effect of A on B Or the effect a new housing opportunity for better housing on family opportunities… Is to RANDOMLY assign subjects to an experimental group and a control group Moving to Opportunity Disadvantaged families were randomly assigned to staying in public housing receiving a housing voucher for Section8 housing, or or moving to a nearby suburb?

ETHICS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH Today, before you can even begin a research project – you must go through an extensive process to receive an okay to move forward Researchers must prove that the individuals (subjects/respondents) who take part in a study will not be mentally or physically injured by theory participation Much of the ethical review process came out of the Millgram experiements

3/9/2016 S UMMARY Families are one social institution among many Families are influenced by and influence the larger society Family theories guide research on families as well as methods chosen to collect data may operate at the: Family sociologists use systematic methods Demographic studies Survey Research Observation and Social Experiments